Women s Rights Of Women Essay - 1612 Words

Women’s rights have slowly changed throughout history so that women are on a more equal status with men. Many people know that women certainly did not have as many rights as we do now, in Ancient Greece, however in Athens, women were on even lower position than women even in the same general area. These unequal rights bled into women’s daily life, religion, politics, and law and ultimately made them slaves to their states and chained to their homes . Women in Athens were relegated to the role of marrying and then producing good, strong, Athenian boys. Because of this, women were not given any sort of formal education; they were thought general household knowledge by their mothers and would, in turn, teach the same things to their daughters, if they had them. However, many scholars believe that female infanticide, or exposure, was common in Ancient Athens . There has even been evidence uncovered that within the Brauron temple of Artemis, there was more statues of boys, i ndicating that there was a higher preference to have boy children . This, therefore, gives partial evidence that women in Athens were not as highly regarded or wanted as children. If the female child survived, she would marry once she reached her menarche, at around the age of fourteen. Her husband would be almost nearly double her age, but this was because men participated in military service before marriage and women had a certain amount of time to bear children, since she had a short life expectancy .Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that e very man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women w ere constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesR ead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Gmat -Awa Free Essays

string(56) " the reason for the poor electronic game rating system\." Guide to Perfect 6. 0 AWA GMAT Score 1. General Structure 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Gmat -Awa or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Argument Intro – Restate argument, point out flaws or state intention to discuss them below 1st Para – First,†¦ 2nd Para – Second/In addition,†¦ 3rd Para – Third/Finally,†¦ Conclusion – The argument is flawed/weak/unconvincing because of the above -mentioned†¦ Ultimately, the argument can be strengthened if/by†¦ 1. 2 Issue Intro – Restate issue, take a position 1st Para – First/One reason†¦ 2nd Para – Second/Another reason†¦ 3rd Para – Third/Perhaps the best reason†¦ Conclusion – Acknowledge the other position but re-affirm yours and conclude that it is the stronger. 2. Structural Word (should be all over the essays) Supporting examples – for example, to illustrate, for instance, because, specifically Additional support – furthermore, in addition, similarly, just as, also, as a result, moreover Importance – surely, truly, undoubtedly, clearly, in fact, most importantly Contrast – on the contrary, yet, despite, rather, instead, however, although, while Decide against – one cannot deny that, it could be argued that, granted, admittedly Ying-yang – on the one hand/on the other hand Concluding – therefore, in summary, consequently, hence, in conclusion, ultimately, in closing 3. Templates 3. 1 Argument Intro: The argument claims that †¦. (restate) Stated in this way the argument: a) manipulates facts and conveys a distorted view of the situation b) reveals examples of leap of faith, poor reasoning and ill-defined terminology c) fails to mention several key factors, on the basis of which it could be evaluated The conclusion of the argument relies on assumptions for which there is no clear evidence. Hence, the argument is weak/unconvincing and has several flaws. 1st Para: First, the argument readily assumes that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ This statement is a stretch†¦. For example,†¦ Clearly,†¦ The argument could have been much clearer if it explicitly stated that†¦ 2nd Para: Second, the argument claims that†¦. This is again a very weak and unsupported claim as the argument does not demonstrate any correlation between†¦. and†¦ To illustrate,†¦ While,†¦ However,†¦. indeed†¦. In fact, it is not at all clear†¦ rather†¦. If the argument had provided evidence that†¦.. then the argument would have been a lot more convincing. 3rd Para: Finally,†¦ (pose some questions for the argument)†¦.. Without convincing answers to these questions, one is left with the impression that the claim is more of a wishful thinking rather than substantive evidence. Conclusion: In conclusion, the argument is flawed for the above-mentioned reasons and is therefore unconvincing. It could be considerably strengthened if the author clearly mentioned all the relevant facts†¦. In order to assess the merits of a certain situation/decision, it is essential to have full knowledge of all contributing factors. In this particular case†¦. Without this information, the argument remains unsubstantiated and open to debate. . 2 Issue Intro: Many/some people think that†¦. Others†¦.. (restate) The issue is a controversial one but a closer examination reveals that†¦. (take a position)†¦ for several reasons. 1st Para: One reason is that/for†¦ For example,†¦ Furthermore,†¦ Clearly,†¦ 2nd Para: Another reason is that/for†¦ To illustrate,†¦ As a result,â € ¦ 3rd Para: Perhaps the best reason is (that)†¦. Specifically,†¦ Moreover/In addition†¦. In fact,†¦. Therefore,†¦. Conclusion: In summary, while there are arguments to be made for both sides, it is clear that there are greater advantages to†¦. repeat the reasons). Certainly,†¦.. outweigh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Hence,†¦. (re-affirm your position) 4. Going from the templates to full-fledged essays 4. 1 Argument ESSAY QUESTION: The following appeared in the editorial section of a national news magazine: â€Å"The rating system for electronic games is similar to the movie rating system in that it provides consumers with a quick reference so that they can determine if the subject matter and contents are appropriate. This electronic game rating system is not working because it is self regulated and the fines for violating the rating system are nominal. As a result an independent body should oversee the game industry and companies that knowingly violate the rating system should be prohibited from releasing a game for two years. † Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. Point out flaws in the argument’s logic and analyze the argument’s underlying assumptions. In addition, evaluate how supporting evidence is used and what evidence might counter the argument’s conclusion. You may also discuss what additional evidence could be used to strengthen the argument or what changes would make the argument more logically sound. YOUR RESPONSE: Quote: The argument claims that the electronic games rating system, although similar to the movie rating system, is not working because it is self regulated and violation fines are nominal, Hence, the gaming rating system should be overseen by an independent body. Stated in this way the argument fails to mention several key factors, on the basis of which it could be evaluated. The conclusion relies on assumptions, for which there is no clear evidence. Therefore, the argument is rather weak, unconvincing, and has several flaws. First, the argument readily assumes that because the electronic game rating system is self regulated, it is not working well. This statement is a stretch and not substantiated in any way. There are numerous examples in other areas of business or commerce, where the entities are self regulated and rather successful. For instance, FIA, the Formula1 racing organization is self regulated. Yet, the sport is very popular and successful, drawing millions of spectators around the world each year. Tickets are rather expensive, races are shown on pay-per-view, and nearly all drivers are paid very well. Another example is the paralleled movie rating system that the argument mentions. The author fails to clarify whether it is working well, but it is clear that the movie rating system is pretty well received by people, who often base their decisions to go see a movie with kids or not on the movie rating. It has never been a case when someone would feel cheated by the movie rating and express disappointment afterwards. Since the movie rating system is also self regulated, it follows that this regulatory method is working pretty well and it is not obvious how it can be the reason for the poor electronic game rating system. You read "Gmat -Awa" in category "Essay examples" The argument would have been much clearer if it explicitly gave examples of how the self regulatory system led to bad ratings and customer dissatisfaction. Second, the argument claims that any violation fees for bad electronic game ratings are nominal. It thus suggests that this is yet another reason for the rating system not working. This is again a very weak and unsupported claim as the argument does not demonstrate any correlation between the monetary amount of the fines and the quality of the electronic game rating system. In fact, the argument does not even draw a parallel with the mentioned movie rating system and its violation fines. If any such correlation had been shown for the movie rating system, which supposedly works well, then the author would have sounded a bit more convincing. In addition, if the argument provided evidence that low violation fines lead to electronic game manufacturers to ignore any regulations with respect to the game rating system, the argument could have been strengthened even further. Finally, the argument concludes that an independent body should oversee the game industry and companies that violate the rating system, should be punished. From this statement again, it is not at all clear how an independent regulatory body can do a better job than a self regulated one. Without supporting evidence and examples from other businesses where independent regulatory bodies have done a great job, one is left with the impression that the claim is more of a wishful thinking rather than substantive evidence. As a result, this conclusion has no legs to stand on. In summary, the argument is flawed and therefore unconvincing. It could be considerably strengthened if the author clearly mentioned all the relevant facts. In order to assess the merits of a certain situation, it is essential to have full knowledge of all contributing factors. 4. 2 Issue ESSAY QUESTION: â€Å"Poor health and high stress levels diminish the productivity of today’s office workers. In order to maximize profits, companies need to provide white-collar employees with free exercise facilities and free wellness classes. † In your opinion, how accurate is the view expressed above? Use reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading to develop your position. YOUR RESPONSE: Quote: Some people think that productivity at work could be increased if workers are provided with free exercise facilities and wellness classes, as this will improve the workers health and diminish the level of stress in the office. Other people support the claim that people should manage their own health and stress level outside the work space. The issue is a controversial one but a closer examination reveals that companies that promote healthy living among their employees are indeed more productive. One reason is that people often do not find the motivation or the energy to o to a wellness class and exercise outside of work. Most people are usually very tired by the end of the work day and have other family duties or priorities to worry about. For example, doing grocery shopping, cooking, picking up the kids from practice, etc. Therefore, it is very difficult for such people to make time for exercising and maintain healthy habits. As a result, the stress from a long day of work at the of fice gets carried over to the next day and the pattern repeats. Eventually, the health of those people worsens and their productivity on the job diminishes. Another reason is that people often find it attractive to do what their friends or colleagues do. For instance, if five colleagues of a worker join a pilates class and are happy about it, they then tend to recommend it to the worker in question and she will eventually join the class. Contagious behavior such as this can be very easily achieved on the job if pilates classes are offered, because then the discovery of the opportunity and the motivation to join are easily found. Hence, exercising at work becomes a very comfortable activity easily fit into a schedule and promotes the health and happiness of the employees. They not only feel better heath-wise after exercise, but also strengthen relationships with co-workers by doing activities together. In a way, this whole experience can be viewed as team building. Consequently, workers are more energized, alert and therefore productive in their jobs. Perhaps the best reason is that by providing free exercise facilities and wellness classes companies improve their image and become attractive places to be at for future employees. Not only can such companies attract more viable candidates for new openings, but they can also retain longer the employees they already have. To illustrate this point, let us take Google for example. The company was recently ranked as the best one to work at. One of the main criteria for achieving this rank was the fact that the company takes very good care of its employees in terms of encouraging healthy living. There are numerous sports facilities on the Google campus which people are encouraged to use. Those include gyms, swimming pools, volleyball courts, massage chairs, etc. Personal trainers are also available for free for anyone that needs them. There is also a health center facility on site. With that kind of environment it is difficult to not take advantage and live a healthy living, resulting in better productivity on the job. In summary, while there are arguments to be made for both sides of the issue, it is clear that there are much greater advantages for companies to provide their workers with free health facilities and classes. Workers find it not only much easier to take advantage of such opportunities on site, but also are much more motivated to do so there. Participating in sports activities improves the workers’ mood, desire to work hard, keeps them healthy, and creates a bond among workers. As a result, this translates to a better productivity of the workers and ultimately to maximized profits for the company. 5. Final tips During the tutorial type in a few sentences in the mock essay window to get used to the keyboard. Again during the tutorial, jot down on your notebook the basic structure of your essays or the opening sentences in case you get too nervous and forget them when the clock starts ticking. Write as much as you can. Try to write at least 500 words per essay. Always have the e-rater in mind as your potential reviewer. Remember that the human rater will make every effort to grade just like the e-rater. In that sense, keep your structure and volume in mind over actual quality/content. Be careful of spelling mistakes. Double check words that you normally know you misspell (e. g. exercise). Try to finish 2-3 minutes before time is up so you can slowly re-read your essay for the purposes of spell checking. Do not reorganize/delete sentences/paragraphs with less than 2 min left. No matter how great you thought your essays went, try to stay humble and focused – remember this was just a warm-up and the real stuff hasn’t started yet! Good luck! —————————- Here is an essay I wrote for a PR Test – Graded a 6. 0 (normally they grade harder than real thing) Prompt: â€Å"The autonomy of any country is based on the strength of its borders; if the number of illegal immigrants entering a country cannot be checked, both its economy and national identity are endangered. Because illegal immigrants pose such threats, every effort must be made to return them to their country of origin. † Assignment: Discuss how well-reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion. â€Å"This argument relies heavily on unverified assumptions and has a very extreme conclusion. The author fails to make logical connections between the evidence provided and the conclusion that all illegal aliens must be returned to their country of origin. The first problem with the argument is that it suffers from multiple unsubstantiated claims. The first evidence that is given to support the extreme conclusion is that the autonomy of any country is based on the strength of its borders. This statement is also extreme because it infers that every countries autonomy could be ranked by the strength of its borders. There are many European countries that have very little strength exerted at the borders, but still maintain autonomy. The author should clarify this statement by grouping countries together or using a more vague statement that would include most countries but not all. The next statement in the argument is conditional phrase stating that the more illegal immigrants that enter a country the worse off the economy and national identity will be. While this statement might be true for some countries it is certainly not true for all countries. The very foundation of early US society was based on immigrant labor and culture that brought from over the sea. There are still many countries whose economy is heavily dependent on immigrant labor. Even though many economist feel this statement is true in the US today, most would disagree that this statement is true of all countries. The final portion of the author’s argument is the conclusion. The conclusion states that the because of disadvantages mentioned earlier all illegal immigrants must be returned to their country of origin. Although this statement might appear to be a logical conclusion of this extreme argument it fails to take extra information into account. The author doesn’t give any indication on how extreme these problems will be or how costly it will be to return the amount of illegal aliens to their home country. What if the cost to the economy was half the amount that it would cost to send all of the immigrants back to their country of origin? The author could use some monetary figures to prove that some savings would be incurred if all illegal immigrants were deported. In conclusion, the argument suffers from logical flaws and makes an extreme conclusion based on unproven assumptions. The addition of hard examples and connections between the statements would prove to strengthen the argument. † *This just shows you how you don’t have to write great to get a good score* How to cite Gmat -Awa, Essay examples

Case Study Analysis Tesco Multinational Corporation for UK &USA Market

Question: Case Study: Tesco Multinational Corporation. Answer: Introduction This study deals with company named as Tesco Multinational Corporation. This particular organization deals in retail sectors in operations of supermarkets chain in and around the world. It clearly mentions regarding activities like company background as well as product offerings for retaining in the global marketplace. This retail organization conducts market research for understanding the needs as well as perceptions of the potential customers in the most appropriate way. In this particular assignment, comparison is made between earlier Tesco and recent Tesco activities for future analysis purpose. Further, it gives detailed analysis on 7S framework, SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis required for attainment of future goals and objectives. Earlier, Tesco faces difficulty in handling weak culture. In the present stage, Tesco enjoys strong culture as well as meets the customer expectations for the same (Cameron and Green 2012). This particular retailing organization has access to welcomin g as well as supporting approach in recent market. It has regular ways for staff members. Tesco aims at performing in construction of people in continuous form. It controls over arrangements as well as measurements in continuous ways. Managers keeps check on the monitoring level of competence of staff members. It conducts meetings as well as communication at each stage. Hierarchical structure symbolizes ways for strong internal atmosphere for all the activities for Tesco. Background of Tesco Tesco is an UK-based retailing Company that supplies customers nationwide with groceries with variety of services. In the past, this company started as simple supermarkets. In the recent market, it offers customer insurance, mobile phones as well as electrical goods for the same. Figure: Tesco Multinational Company Tesco believes in offering their customers with reward system for getting 1 % return on purchases in form of voucher. Tesco is a big organization consisting of systems for assisting company at various operating levels. It ranges starting from operational level to purchases. It is considers as structure of systems for allowing business in running in an efficient way. It aims at making correct decisions in reports in complication with effective management. Transaction Processing Systems considers as vital systems in business operations. It is equally responsible in serving operational levels in an organization. Transaction Processing Systems consists of recording of payments in receiving various goods as well as services. It places orders in way of products and services at the same time. It withdraws money from cash machine (Cawsey et al. 2012). TPS contacts with customers constantly if their problem occurs in failure of systems. Tesco benefits from usage of transaction processing syst em in number of ways. It helps in holding as well as collecting information in about customers purchases mainly loyalty card. It assists ways in targeting other products for customers in increased sales. It creates automatic links with suppliers for improved stock levels. It helps in reduced physical efforts at operational levels in case of business organization. Tesco make use of Electronic Point of Sale for scanning barcodes as well as communicating with in-house system. It aims at recording all data transactions as well as stock in re-ordering level in batch systems. It accesses information from higher management for generating reports. It aims at providing distribution centre especially from third party suppliers. Stock ordering helps in minimization of errors as involved in manual ordering. It ensures great effectiveness in case of customer services for modified prices. It involves great choices of products in attainment of lower prices to the customers. Extended 7S framework of Tesco Tesco McKinsey 7S model mainly aims at illustrating on linkage between seven separate elements for business enterprise. It helps in increased effectiveness at the same time. This model addresses certain hard as well as soft elements in shared values as results in interaction between employee behaviour and performance for the same. Figure: 7S framework of Tesco Strategy- This includes strategy by Tesco in cost business leadership strategy. It effectively manages with marketing communication in business operations. Tesco is a supermarket retail chain for sustaining business culture. It revolves around extensive exploitation in case of economies of scale as well as exercise over bargaining power. It deals with suppliers in securing low purchasing costs in the most appropriate way. In the current marketplace, Tesco deals in taking complex challenges like restoring customers trust. This acts as following profit accounts scandal as well as supplier payment delays. It faces scandal and dramatically declined sales for resulting incidents. The main strategy of Tesco deals in addressing issues by CEO Dave Lewis. It takes into account items like reduction of capital expenditure (George and Jones 2012). It revolves around GBP of one billion. Replacement benefits reveal position schemes for employees as well as reviewing of property portfolio. It aims at cost reduction in the most appropriate way. It aims at focussing mainly on availability as well as services for future analysis purpose. It emerges at price attributes serving as strategic priority as new management in an effective way. Structure- It is necessary in viewing at that Tesco organizational structure. It maintains high hierarchical as well as consists of layers of management in and from store sales assistant to CEO. New CEO eliminates roles in case of deputy store management in the year 2015. It attempts ways for simplification of organizational structure. There are total ten members in Board of Directors as well as Executive Committee in Tesco Multinational Corporation. Systems- Tesco is one of the multinational Corporations dealing in retail sector. It relies mainly on wide range of system daily for sustaining business operations in every form. CEO of Tesco named as Dave Lewis announced revised plan for simplifying organizational systems for getting business back on track. It reforms from Steering Wheel performance appraisal system in containing forty measures for referring as a perfect example in real practice. As far as new performance evaluation performance systems are concerned, it deals with key performance measures for simplified process for future analysis purpose. Balance scorecard Tesco uses balanced scorecard for strategic planning as well as management systems. It is known as Steering Wheel. This particular organizational tool centres revolves around business for delivering core purpose at the same time. Tesco performance reports quarterly in the Board in summarized form (Griffin and Moorhead 2012). Salary of senior management created with the usage of key performance indicators with bonus. It establishes ways at descending scale in accordance with success level in steering wheels in the near future. Figure: Balanced Scorecard of Tesco Financial Perspective- It is important to understand the fact that financial perspective of an organization allows managers in tracking financial success. It helps in creating wealth for the shareholders for the same. It requires providing balanced approach in performance management. It focused mainly on traditional financial measures in the most appropriate way. Financial measures considers as an important dimensions in accordance with balanced scorecard (Hersey, Blanchard and Johnson 2013). Financial perspectives aim in measuring on strategy as well as execution and implementation. Financial perspectives aim at focusing on traditional return-based efficiency metrics in the near future. Customer Perspective- In this particular segment, it identifies with customer perspectives in the balanced scorecard approach. Customer perspective implements ways for competing with performance measurement system. It ensures successful outcomes like customer satisfaction, profitability as well as retention and acquisition in new product market segments. It helps companies in measuring as well as identification of value propositions for delivering targeted customers as well as market segments. It includes existing as well as possible customer populations in identification of segments for competing in the most appropriate way. Tesco attracts more than 15 million customers on weekly basis. This retail organization implements steering wheel for market segments in comparison with other related segments. Tesco aims at gaining customer satisfaction as well as decides in catering towards income groups. It offers distinct ranges for own-brand products for satisfaction for customers (Hulleman and Marijs,2012). Tesco launched Loyalty Club card in the year 1995. It serves as positive relationship between returns and loyalty of customers in an overall manner. Internal Business Process Perspective- In this particular attributes, mangers focus on identification of internal process in succeeding with implementation of required strategy. Metrics based upon perspectives leading by the managers in measuring goods as well as services. Internal business process helps in measuring internal process for achieving customers as well as financial objectives. Innovation-Tesco product development managers constantly look for latest trends in regard with food markets. Latest range of Tesco develops healthy eating market in finest range of operations. Designing and development involves new products for timely implementation of sourcing suppliers as well as conducting market research (Jabri 2012). Tesco aims at measuring payback period of new products as well sales in place of new product line. Operation Process- Traditionally, it involves in operations process in measuring performance management system. Tesco requires managing transport in better ways and has 2000 trucks. This organization identifies issues in drivers and decides on managing withy transport in better form. It reduces cost of transport as well as standard way for deports. Supplier process- It handles supermarkets in control assessment for consumers and increased exercising with buyer power for the same. Tesco demands millions of Irish suppliers in against returning sustained stocking of Irish shelves (Kinicki and Fugate 2012). Learning and Growth Perspective- This particular perspective aims at including training as well as employee learning in and within organizations. It continues in pleasing customers in the near future. This particular metrics guides managers for training funds and helping most of the business organization. Tesco believes in employing staff from multitude of different backgrounds as well as gaining opportunity in developing purpose. Tesco regularly measures the performance of staff members in the most appropriate way. Employees apply for training with performance appraisal in improving knowledge as well as skills for the same. SWOT of Tesco Strengths Weakness Tesco occupies the topmost position in the retailing organization in UK Involves in effective online operations Club card is one of the effective consumer informational tool Ensures strong property portfolio Tesco faces weak financial performance It faces serious damage in brand image from the commercial income scandal in the year 2015 It lacks reliance in the UK market It employees diminished morale of employees Opportunities Threats Tesco has the opportunity in pursuing international market expansion strategy Tesco has the capacity in increased presence in financial services industry Tesco enhanced increased non-food retail range for the same Tesco has the ability in enhanced effectiveness of marketing strategy Tesco faces threats and unable in new leadership in turning over business activities Tesco is unable in sustaining cost leadership competitive advantage Tesco faces lot of currency fluctuations in the current global marketplace Tesco indulges in emergence of new ethics related problems Strength of Tesco- It is important to understand the fact that Tesco enjoys increased market shares in recent global marketplace. It holds more than 13% of market share in the UK retail market. It has multi-format capability for continuous growth share in form of food as well as increased space contribution. It establishes hypermarkets as well as allows higher shares in non-food items (Kreitner and Kinicki 2013). As far as Tesco international business strategy is concerned, it deals with steady growth as well contributes in ascertaining group profits in the next five years. In accordance with geographical spread, it continuous in growing as well as ensuring continued regional strength for the same. Weakness of Tesco- It is important to understand the fact that although Tesco enjoys international growth, it faces issue in the near future. Tesco expects reduced debt from the year 2006. It conducts large capital expenditure programs as well as spaces in huge investment in form of new stores. Tesco has little cash for future expansion purpose. Opportunities of Tesco- Tesco have the ability in improved merchandising skills as well as involving growth for future analysis purpose. It engages in increase earnings and scale of operations for virtuous circle of growth in the near future. Tesco ventures into telecoms at the latest stages as well as developing retail services (Zoogah and Beugre  2013). It ensures repeated approach in form of banking as well as capitalization of branding initiatives. Threats of Tesco- Tesco face threats in UK structural changes and industrial profitability for the same. Tesco predicts for investment in case of driving higher returns. It faces problems in case of economic conditions as well as failure in business model in the near future. PESTLE: When operating a multinational organization, there is a need for the evaluation of the macroeconomic environment for this reason. As the CEO of the multinational organization, there is a need for the analysis of the environment of Tesco. Political: As the operation of the country takes place worldwide, there is the influence of the global political factors on the performance of Tesco. This would be including the rate of tax, the legislation act and stability of the country within which the country operates. The instability in the financial world has encouraged government of the countries to encourage foreign firms to create job for the population. The company provides wide employment opportunities for the country and satisfies the demand of the people. Economic: Economic factors are a major concern for the retailer Tesco as they are to leverage costs , profits , demand and prices. This is the reason there is a need to be aware of the changes in the taxation and the changes in the policies as this is a major reason that would be affecting the finances (Letavec 2014). The business has grown yet it is dependent on the UK market. The market share of UK is almost 30%. Social: There has been a vast changes in the shopping patter of the customers in UK as they are going for bulk shopping rather than one stop shopping. The sale of the non food items has increased by a larger amount. Technological: The technological advancement has created more opportunity for Tesco. The company has able to provide the option of online shopping to the customers along with the facility of home delivery (Ferrell, Hirt and Ferrell 2013). There is also the option of self-service checkout points, which has brought ease and convenience to the customers. This would also be reducing the cost of labour. Environmental: There is increasing pressure on the companies to solve the issues related to the environment and taking up the strategies for benefiting the society. The company Tesco dedicatedly follows the CSR policies. The company also aims at reducing the carbon footprints by 50% by the year 2020. The waste generation is also being minimised by the company Legal: The regulations and the policies of the government tend to affect the Tescos performance. In the year 2004, under the Food Retailing Commission (FRC) there was provision of the Code of Practices, which would ban the practices like the changing of the practices without prior notice from the suppliers. Management Structure Figure: Flat management structure of Tesco Earlier, Tesco uses flat organization structure at the time of starting business with small supermarket stores. It started with initial capital and follows simple structure for making final decision-making process. Later, Tesco implements usage of hierarchical structure in business operations. Figure: Hierarchical Management Structure of Tesco Tesco maintains hierarchical structure. It is because in large levels for people accountability. This structure involves many levels from one person to another. Each single level is mainly governed by one person. It is important to understand the fact that hierarchical organization structure helps in maintaining sequences in commanding like a pyramid. It includes large foundation of workers in straight line supervision in an effective way. It continues as apex ranking officer in most of circumstances in the near future (Mamo 2012). It involves ort of culture for allowing workers in Tesco in precise form. It requires clear authority as well as responsibility in and within organization. It undertakes in estimating costs for finishing on timely basis. Foundation of Organization Structure: The structure of the organization will help in defining the way the task is divided, coordinated or is grouped. These are the issues, which are fixed when the organizational structure is designed. The company Tesco must include division of labour so that the work is done in less time (Markovic  2012). The work when it is divided in many sub parts in which individual workers do each part where they are able to specialise rather than performing the entire task at one go. The organization must see that the work specialization is low as this would lead to higher impact on the productivity but the productivity would lower with the high specialization. Figure: Life Cycle of Work Specialization Departmentalization: In Tesco, every department performed as different unit with no coordination. This led to the communication gap within the system, which resulted, into loss for the company. The departmentalization of the jobs must be done based on the services or the products that the organization produces. This would be helping in the accountability of the performance as all the activities are related to the specific type of product under the single manager (McFarlin and Sweeney 2013). The firm can departmentalize the store in terms of the geography this will help the organization to locate the customers in the vast geographical area. This would be helping the Company Tesco to reach out for the target customers The company Tesco has a flat structure of management where the decision of the managers is brought down for the closest managers in action (Toch 2014). In case of centralised or the hierarchical form of the organization the decision flows from the top level to the lower level managers. There is an involvement of formal authority where the rights are inherent in a position. There is a different structure in case of decentralised governance (McShane and Von Glinow 2012). The organization Tesco follows a simple structure, which is a setback for a growing organization for Tesco as there is lower level of formalization, and this would lead to over loading of the information at the top level. The decision-making would also be slower with this form of organization design as the single executive tries to maintain the decision-making. This type of structure also involves riskiness in the business (McShane and Von Glinow 2013). The organization of Tesco must be of the bureaucratic form where there is highly routine task achieved through the formalized regulation and rules, specialization and centralised authority and standardized process of work (Spector 2013). Organizational Culture Organizational culture is a system that helps in the sharing of the system by the members that helps the organization to make it an unique culture from that of the other organization. In case of the present organizational culture of Tesco, there is weak culture so the organization is not able to achieve the goals and the objectives (Myers, Hulks and Wiggins 2012). The strong culture will help the organization Tesco to share the value of the organization in a more intense form. The more number of employees who are able to accept the core values there will stronger and greater influence on the behaviour of the members because the higher degree of the intensity and sharing will create a climate for the behavioural control. The implementation of a strong culture will help in the defining of boundary role. This woul help in creating a demarcation from the organization. This would be creating a sense of identity among the members. The culture will help in creating more larger interest than that of the self interest. The stability of the social system is also enhanced. Strong cultures would be providing the social glue through which they are attached to the providing of the standards to what is done and said by the company (Boonstra 2013). This is a control mechanism and the sense making that would shape and guide the behaviour of the employees. The decentralised pattern when followed then there is a greater importance given to culture. This might be also noted that the implementation of the strong culture might create a weaker decentralised system. With the reducing of the control system and formal authority, the shared meaning of culture will be leading everyone to the same direction (Shani and Noumair 2 014). Cultures within the organization of Tesco will help in creating a favourable climate. The organizational climate refers to the sharing of the perception of the members that they have about the work and the organization environment. This aspect of the culture will help in building team spirit in the organization (Nelson and Quick 2013). There is a need to see that there is a general feeling about how the things are working, the effect of their attitudes will be more than that of the than that of the individual parts. When there is positive workplace climate there will be greater customer satisfaction and high-level financial performance. Culture will help in organizational commitment and this will help in increasing the level of behaviour of the employees, which would be benefiting the organization. Organizational Change and Stress management: The company Tesco has a very rigid structure and so any type of changes is not accepted easily by the organization. The resistance of the change can be positive when there is an open discussion and debate (Schermerhorn 2012). The responses will help in the silence or apathy and can help in the indication of the of the processes of change in the organization There can be utilisation of the change agents which will be used as the resistance so that there is changes to fit the preferences of the other members in the organization (Neubert and Dyck 2014). There may emerge a dysfunctional conflict when the resistance is treated as threat. The resistance needs to be managed so that it does not affect the organizational procedure. The changes in the organization will be done using the Kotters Eight Step Plan. Kotter has held the common mistake the managers make while they are trying to implement change in the organization. There might be a failure for creating the sense of urgency, creating a coalition in the change process (Punnett 2013). There is a need for identification of the change for the event. The obstacles needs to be removed as it will be impeding the visions of achievement. Kotter implements eight sequential steps. This model of organizational change is more effective than other forms of organizational change models There is a need for removing the stress in the organization so that the employees will be able to work together. Some individuals who are able to overcome the stressful situation but there are some individuals who tend to bear it (Phillips and Gully 2013). The differences in the culture can also create stress. There different cultural people working under the organization and so each of them have different level of capacity to work in a stressful condition. The company can encourage some activities that will be helping in the management of stress (Shani, Pasmore and Woodman 2012). The following figure shows the relationship of stress levels and performance in the job. Figure: Relationship of Stress and Performance in Job The employees they should be able to take the personal responsibility of reducing the level of stress. The employees they should be able to manage the time, increase the physical exercise, encourage relaxation in training and expand the social support network. Time management among the employees will help in finishing the work early, which will help the Tesco for devoting more time for the other activities. There is a need for the segregation of the activities that is to be performed throughout the day (Oreg, Michel and By 2013). There is a need for the prioritising the activities as per the level of urgency. The schedules must be done as per the priorities set. There is a need for keeping the electronic devices so that the efficiency level is not reduced and limiting the attention. Procrastination would be minimised through the management of time which will help the employees to get more motivation even before the task is given to them. Recommendation: Tesco should understand that the rigid form of the organizational structure is not valid for competition in the global context. The structure of the organization should be such that they are able to accept the changes that are positive and as per the demand of the market. Production process needs to be changed into a lean management so that there is lesser wastage of the resources. The production process will also be streamlined and which would be more effective. The workers when they are engaged in the work specialization this will help the worker to learn a lot and would devote their skills to it. This will also minimise their efforts as they are continuously involved in the job. The quality and the excellence of the product would also increase. There will be higher revenue earned by the organization through the. Tesco should encourage departmentalization so that organization Tesco can encourage a wider range of audience all over the world. The simple form of the organization struc ture needs to be changed so that there would be lesser amount of risk faced there is a need for a bureaucratic structure as this would help in the better implementation of the resources and the top management will be able to handle all the operations in the system. Apart from a boundary, virtual organization there is a need for the implementation of the boundary less organization. With no boundary, the organization Tesco will be able get a greater advantage. The strategy of the Organization Tesco should be more specific and must be implemented for increasing the productivity. There might be differences in the culture across the structure of the organization but there is a need for the implementation of the lean management process. The ethics and positivity in the atmosphere will help in reducing the differences in the culture. The management needs to realise the potentials sources of stress affecting the employees and for this, there is a need to apply some stress management techniq ues. Conclusion: The change in the organization will be creating more advantages than disadvantages for the company. Like that of the other business Tesco also implements the changes in the organization in the fast paced environment this would help it to develop a competitive edge so that they do not lose the customers who are loyal to them. The use of the technology for the changes will help in creating more advantages as a large number of customers will be attracted. The communication technology would also be very strong. The employees they are able to adjust with the management when there is incorporation of the better strategies. Tesco through organizational change from their present state would be able to create more growth opportunities in the nation. Higher will the number of employment in the organization of Tesco. With higher level of priority offered to the customers, there will be more revenues earned by Tesco. References: Alvesson, M. (2013).Understanding organizational culture. Los Angeles: SAGE. Anderson, D. (2012).Organization development. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Baron, D. (2013).Business and its environment. Boston: Pearson. Beatty, J., Samuelson, S. and Bredeson, D. (2013).Business law and the legal environment. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. 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Marshall And Constitution Essays - Thurgood Marshall,

Marshall And Constitution In Thurgood Marshall's "A Bicentennial View From the Supreme Court", Thurgood Marshall argues that the United States Constitution bicentennial celebration should not be commemorated with narrow views concerning the birth of the document, but rather should be seen as a living document, one which has been dramatically altered to reflect the changing views or society. Born from this ideal, Marshall contends that the Constitution should be placed into perspective with events in U.S. history, which followed its inception. Marshall adds that society should neither view the Constitution as a flawless governmental charter, nor its "framers" as sheer geniuses. He instead points to the paper's subsequent alterations, which helped it evolve to its current state. Marshall maintains that the framers were individuals who either compromised their own moral beliefs or were obvious hypocrites. Marshall's draws his logical conclusions from specific events in U.S. history. Marshall does not believe the United States is an impressive nation because of its Constitution and its founders, but rather it is only recently noble because of those individuals who "suffer[ed], stuggle[d], and sacrifice[d]" (Marshall 304) for freedom and turned the tide of popular opinion. Marshall views the bicentennial celebration as "oversimplified" and believes it it "overlook[s] the many other events that have been instrumental to our achievement as a nation" (Marshall 303). He discusses the obvious fundamental flaw with the Constitution: its deliberate exclusion of the abolition of slavery. Marshall argues that the slavery issue illustrated the corrupt understanding and forethought of the founding fathers and how they refused to address such a critical issue. In his essay, he makes two points concerning the founding fathers omission of the end of slavery. In order to preserve the union, the Constitutional framers compromised the economic benefits for both the northern and southern regions of the colonies versus the rights of slaves. However, in the Constitution, the representatives openly referred to them and their constituents as "We the People" (Constitution). The framers also advanced the principles from the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Declaration). However, Marshall ponders how these individuals, with their great wisdom, could one moment espouse the principles of personal freedom, and then condemn their fellow man to a life of servitude without the above stated rights. Marshall also questions how Gouverneur Morris, delegate from Pennsylvania, could openly denounce slavery, but hypocritically approve a government which allowed it. Nevertheless, Marshall does not place all fault with the framers. Observing the actions of the Supreme Court 70 and 170 years later, he concludes that the court continued the mistakes of the past. Marshall cites the court's opinion in the Dread Scott case as an example of the continued ignorance of the legal system toward the black race. Marshall illustrates that Chief Justice Taney accepted the notion that the founding fathers were flawless because he took their opinions as pure fact. " 'We [Supreme Court] think they [slaves] are not, and that they are not included, and were not intended to be included....They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order' " (Marshall 303). Marshall demonstrates that Taney and the Court made their decision on the basis of historical precedence. Instead of reevaluating the meaning of "all men are created equal"(Declaration) and the morality and humaneness of slavery, the Court merely reaffirmed a hypocritical idea of 70 years ago because of the narrow view of infallibility granted to the Constitutional framers, Marshall argues. Despite the addition of the 13th and 14th amendments, which ended slavery and quaranteed equal rights to all men, respectively, it was another 100 years before the Court eliminated the segregation that existed. Although Marshall continues to question the decisions of the Supreme Court, he brings to the forefront the legal and social principles, which have altered through time to permit the society that exists today. He does not view the first version of the Constitution as the factor for today's equality. Rather, Marshall focuses on the greatness of the subsequent changes. To fully understand this, Marshall unionizes the legality concept. He states that blacks were "enslaved by law, emancipated by law, disenfranchised and segregated by law; and finally, they have begun to win equality by law" (Marshall 303). It is here that Marshall makes his most important point and asks for perspective about the celebrations and that individuals realize the struggles of the individuals who yearned for freedom and the Constitutional vibrancy they helped create.