Women s Rights Of Women Essay - 1612 Words

Women’s rights have slowly changed throughout history so that women are on a more equal status with men. Many people know that women certainly did not have as many rights as we do now, in Ancient Greece, however in Athens, women were on even lower position than women even in the same general area. These unequal rights bled into women’s daily life, religion, politics, and law and ultimately made them slaves to their states and chained to their homes . Women in Athens were relegated to the role of marrying and then producing good, strong, Athenian boys. Because of this, women were not given any sort of formal education; they were thought general household knowledge by their mothers and would, in turn, teach the same things to their daughters, if they had them. However, many scholars believe that female infanticide, or exposure, was common in Ancient Athens . There has even been evidence uncovered that within the Brauron temple of Artemis, there was more statues of boys, i ndicating that there was a higher preference to have boy children . This, therefore, gives partial evidence that women in Athens were not as highly regarded or wanted as children. If the female child survived, she would marry once she reached her menarche, at around the age of fourteen. Her husband would be almost nearly double her age, but this was because men participated in military service before marriage and women had a certain amount of time to bear children, since she had a short life expectancy .Show MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserved the civil liberties that e very man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women w ere constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the military, women’s rolesR ead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Gmat -Awa Free Essays

string(56) " the reason for the poor electronic game rating system\." Guide to Perfect 6. 0 AWA GMAT Score 1. General Structure 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Gmat -Awa or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Argument Intro – Restate argument, point out flaws or state intention to discuss them below 1st Para – First,†¦ 2nd Para – Second/In addition,†¦ 3rd Para – Third/Finally,†¦ Conclusion – The argument is flawed/weak/unconvincing because of the above -mentioned†¦ Ultimately, the argument can be strengthened if/by†¦ 1. 2 Issue Intro – Restate issue, take a position 1st Para – First/One reason†¦ 2nd Para – Second/Another reason†¦ 3rd Para – Third/Perhaps the best reason†¦ Conclusion – Acknowledge the other position but re-affirm yours and conclude that it is the stronger. 2. Structural Word (should be all over the essays) Supporting examples – for example, to illustrate, for instance, because, specifically Additional support – furthermore, in addition, similarly, just as, also, as a result, moreover Importance – surely, truly, undoubtedly, clearly, in fact, most importantly Contrast – on the contrary, yet, despite, rather, instead, however, although, while Decide against – one cannot deny that, it could be argued that, granted, admittedly Ying-yang – on the one hand/on the other hand Concluding – therefore, in summary, consequently, hence, in conclusion, ultimately, in closing 3. Templates 3. 1 Argument Intro: The argument claims that †¦. (restate) Stated in this way the argument: a) manipulates facts and conveys a distorted view of the situation b) reveals examples of leap of faith, poor reasoning and ill-defined terminology c) fails to mention several key factors, on the basis of which it could be evaluated The conclusion of the argument relies on assumptions for which there is no clear evidence. Hence, the argument is weak/unconvincing and has several flaws. 1st Para: First, the argument readily assumes that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ This statement is a stretch†¦. For example,†¦ Clearly,†¦ The argument could have been much clearer if it explicitly stated that†¦ 2nd Para: Second, the argument claims that†¦. This is again a very weak and unsupported claim as the argument does not demonstrate any correlation between†¦. and†¦ To illustrate,†¦ While,†¦ However,†¦. indeed†¦. In fact, it is not at all clear†¦ rather†¦. If the argument had provided evidence that†¦.. then the argument would have been a lot more convincing. 3rd Para: Finally,†¦ (pose some questions for the argument)†¦.. Without convincing answers to these questions, one is left with the impression that the claim is more of a wishful thinking rather than substantive evidence. Conclusion: In conclusion, the argument is flawed for the above-mentioned reasons and is therefore unconvincing. It could be considerably strengthened if the author clearly mentioned all the relevant facts†¦. In order to assess the merits of a certain situation/decision, it is essential to have full knowledge of all contributing factors. In this particular case†¦. Without this information, the argument remains unsubstantiated and open to debate. . 2 Issue Intro: Many/some people think that†¦. Others†¦.. (restate) The issue is a controversial one but a closer examination reveals that†¦. (take a position)†¦ for several reasons. 1st Para: One reason is that/for†¦ For example,†¦ Furthermore,†¦ Clearly,†¦ 2nd Para: Another reason is that/for†¦ To illustrate,†¦ As a result,â € ¦ 3rd Para: Perhaps the best reason is (that)†¦. Specifically,†¦ Moreover/In addition†¦. In fact,†¦. Therefore,†¦. Conclusion: In summary, while there are arguments to be made for both sides, it is clear that there are greater advantages to†¦. repeat the reasons). Certainly,†¦.. outweigh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Hence,†¦. (re-affirm your position) 4. Going from the templates to full-fledged essays 4. 1 Argument ESSAY QUESTION: The following appeared in the editorial section of a national news magazine: â€Å"The rating system for electronic games is similar to the movie rating system in that it provides consumers with a quick reference so that they can determine if the subject matter and contents are appropriate. This electronic game rating system is not working because it is self regulated and the fines for violating the rating system are nominal. As a result an independent body should oversee the game industry and companies that knowingly violate the rating system should be prohibited from releasing a game for two years. † Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. Point out flaws in the argument’s logic and analyze the argument’s underlying assumptions. In addition, evaluate how supporting evidence is used and what evidence might counter the argument’s conclusion. You may also discuss what additional evidence could be used to strengthen the argument or what changes would make the argument more logically sound. YOUR RESPONSE: Quote: The argument claims that the electronic games rating system, although similar to the movie rating system, is not working because it is self regulated and violation fines are nominal, Hence, the gaming rating system should be overseen by an independent body. Stated in this way the argument fails to mention several key factors, on the basis of which it could be evaluated. The conclusion relies on assumptions, for which there is no clear evidence. Therefore, the argument is rather weak, unconvincing, and has several flaws. First, the argument readily assumes that because the electronic game rating system is self regulated, it is not working well. This statement is a stretch and not substantiated in any way. There are numerous examples in other areas of business or commerce, where the entities are self regulated and rather successful. For instance, FIA, the Formula1 racing organization is self regulated. Yet, the sport is very popular and successful, drawing millions of spectators around the world each year. Tickets are rather expensive, races are shown on pay-per-view, and nearly all drivers are paid very well. Another example is the paralleled movie rating system that the argument mentions. The author fails to clarify whether it is working well, but it is clear that the movie rating system is pretty well received by people, who often base their decisions to go see a movie with kids or not on the movie rating. It has never been a case when someone would feel cheated by the movie rating and express disappointment afterwards. Since the movie rating system is also self regulated, it follows that this regulatory method is working pretty well and it is not obvious how it can be the reason for the poor electronic game rating system. You read "Gmat -Awa" in category "Essay examples" The argument would have been much clearer if it explicitly gave examples of how the self regulatory system led to bad ratings and customer dissatisfaction. Second, the argument claims that any violation fees for bad electronic game ratings are nominal. It thus suggests that this is yet another reason for the rating system not working. This is again a very weak and unsupported claim as the argument does not demonstrate any correlation between the monetary amount of the fines and the quality of the electronic game rating system. In fact, the argument does not even draw a parallel with the mentioned movie rating system and its violation fines. If any such correlation had been shown for the movie rating system, which supposedly works well, then the author would have sounded a bit more convincing. In addition, if the argument provided evidence that low violation fines lead to electronic game manufacturers to ignore any regulations with respect to the game rating system, the argument could have been strengthened even further. Finally, the argument concludes that an independent body should oversee the game industry and companies that violate the rating system, should be punished. From this statement again, it is not at all clear how an independent regulatory body can do a better job than a self regulated one. Without supporting evidence and examples from other businesses where independent regulatory bodies have done a great job, one is left with the impression that the claim is more of a wishful thinking rather than substantive evidence. As a result, this conclusion has no legs to stand on. In summary, the argument is flawed and therefore unconvincing. It could be considerably strengthened if the author clearly mentioned all the relevant facts. In order to assess the merits of a certain situation, it is essential to have full knowledge of all contributing factors. 4. 2 Issue ESSAY QUESTION: â€Å"Poor health and high stress levels diminish the productivity of today’s office workers. In order to maximize profits, companies need to provide white-collar employees with free exercise facilities and free wellness classes. † In your opinion, how accurate is the view expressed above? Use reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading to develop your position. YOUR RESPONSE: Quote: Some people think that productivity at work could be increased if workers are provided with free exercise facilities and wellness classes, as this will improve the workers health and diminish the level of stress in the office. Other people support the claim that people should manage their own health and stress level outside the work space. The issue is a controversial one but a closer examination reveals that companies that promote healthy living among their employees are indeed more productive. One reason is that people often do not find the motivation or the energy to o to a wellness class and exercise outside of work. Most people are usually very tired by the end of the work day and have other family duties or priorities to worry about. For example, doing grocery shopping, cooking, picking up the kids from practice, etc. Therefore, it is very difficult for such people to make time for exercising and maintain healthy habits. As a result, the stress from a long day of work at the of fice gets carried over to the next day and the pattern repeats. Eventually, the health of those people worsens and their productivity on the job diminishes. Another reason is that people often find it attractive to do what their friends or colleagues do. For instance, if five colleagues of a worker join a pilates class and are happy about it, they then tend to recommend it to the worker in question and she will eventually join the class. Contagious behavior such as this can be very easily achieved on the job if pilates classes are offered, because then the discovery of the opportunity and the motivation to join are easily found. Hence, exercising at work becomes a very comfortable activity easily fit into a schedule and promotes the health and happiness of the employees. They not only feel better heath-wise after exercise, but also strengthen relationships with co-workers by doing activities together. In a way, this whole experience can be viewed as team building. Consequently, workers are more energized, alert and therefore productive in their jobs. Perhaps the best reason is that by providing free exercise facilities and wellness classes companies improve their image and become attractive places to be at for future employees. Not only can such companies attract more viable candidates for new openings, but they can also retain longer the employees they already have. To illustrate this point, let us take Google for example. The company was recently ranked as the best one to work at. One of the main criteria for achieving this rank was the fact that the company takes very good care of its employees in terms of encouraging healthy living. There are numerous sports facilities on the Google campus which people are encouraged to use. Those include gyms, swimming pools, volleyball courts, massage chairs, etc. Personal trainers are also available for free for anyone that needs them. There is also a health center facility on site. With that kind of environment it is difficult to not take advantage and live a healthy living, resulting in better productivity on the job. In summary, while there are arguments to be made for both sides of the issue, it is clear that there are much greater advantages for companies to provide their workers with free health facilities and classes. Workers find it not only much easier to take advantage of such opportunities on site, but also are much more motivated to do so there. Participating in sports activities improves the workers’ mood, desire to work hard, keeps them healthy, and creates a bond among workers. As a result, this translates to a better productivity of the workers and ultimately to maximized profits for the company. 5. Final tips During the tutorial type in a few sentences in the mock essay window to get used to the keyboard. Again during the tutorial, jot down on your notebook the basic structure of your essays or the opening sentences in case you get too nervous and forget them when the clock starts ticking. Write as much as you can. Try to write at least 500 words per essay. Always have the e-rater in mind as your potential reviewer. Remember that the human rater will make every effort to grade just like the e-rater. In that sense, keep your structure and volume in mind over actual quality/content. Be careful of spelling mistakes. Double check words that you normally know you misspell (e. g. exercise). Try to finish 2-3 minutes before time is up so you can slowly re-read your essay for the purposes of spell checking. Do not reorganize/delete sentences/paragraphs with less than 2 min left. No matter how great you thought your essays went, try to stay humble and focused – remember this was just a warm-up and the real stuff hasn’t started yet! Good luck! —————————- Here is an essay I wrote for a PR Test – Graded a 6. 0 (normally they grade harder than real thing) Prompt: â€Å"The autonomy of any country is based on the strength of its borders; if the number of illegal immigrants entering a country cannot be checked, both its economy and national identity are endangered. Because illegal immigrants pose such threats, every effort must be made to return them to their country of origin. † Assignment: Discuss how well-reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion, be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion. â€Å"This argument relies heavily on unverified assumptions and has a very extreme conclusion. The author fails to make logical connections between the evidence provided and the conclusion that all illegal aliens must be returned to their country of origin. The first problem with the argument is that it suffers from multiple unsubstantiated claims. The first evidence that is given to support the extreme conclusion is that the autonomy of any country is based on the strength of its borders. This statement is also extreme because it infers that every countries autonomy could be ranked by the strength of its borders. There are many European countries that have very little strength exerted at the borders, but still maintain autonomy. The author should clarify this statement by grouping countries together or using a more vague statement that would include most countries but not all. The next statement in the argument is conditional phrase stating that the more illegal immigrants that enter a country the worse off the economy and national identity will be. While this statement might be true for some countries it is certainly not true for all countries. The very foundation of early US society was based on immigrant labor and culture that brought from over the sea. There are still many countries whose economy is heavily dependent on immigrant labor. Even though many economist feel this statement is true in the US today, most would disagree that this statement is true of all countries. The final portion of the author’s argument is the conclusion. The conclusion states that the because of disadvantages mentioned earlier all illegal immigrants must be returned to their country of origin. Although this statement might appear to be a logical conclusion of this extreme argument it fails to take extra information into account. The author doesn’t give any indication on how extreme these problems will be or how costly it will be to return the amount of illegal aliens to their home country. What if the cost to the economy was half the amount that it would cost to send all of the immigrants back to their country of origin? The author could use some monetary figures to prove that some savings would be incurred if all illegal immigrants were deported. In conclusion, the argument suffers from logical flaws and makes an extreme conclusion based on unproven assumptions. The addition of hard examples and connections between the statements would prove to strengthen the argument. † *This just shows you how you don’t have to write great to get a good score* How to cite Gmat -Awa, Essay examples

Case Study Analysis Tesco Multinational Corporation for UK &USA Market

Question: Case Study: Tesco Multinational Corporation. Answer: Introduction This study deals with company named as Tesco Multinational Corporation. This particular organization deals in retail sectors in operations of supermarkets chain in and around the world. It clearly mentions regarding activities like company background as well as product offerings for retaining in the global marketplace. This retail organization conducts market research for understanding the needs as well as perceptions of the potential customers in the most appropriate way. In this particular assignment, comparison is made between earlier Tesco and recent Tesco activities for future analysis purpose. Further, it gives detailed analysis on 7S framework, SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis required for attainment of future goals and objectives. Earlier, Tesco faces difficulty in handling weak culture. In the present stage, Tesco enjoys strong culture as well as meets the customer expectations for the same (Cameron and Green 2012). This particular retailing organization has access to welcomin g as well as supporting approach in recent market. It has regular ways for staff members. Tesco aims at performing in construction of people in continuous form. It controls over arrangements as well as measurements in continuous ways. Managers keeps check on the monitoring level of competence of staff members. It conducts meetings as well as communication at each stage. Hierarchical structure symbolizes ways for strong internal atmosphere for all the activities for Tesco. Background of Tesco Tesco is an UK-based retailing Company that supplies customers nationwide with groceries with variety of services. In the past, this company started as simple supermarkets. In the recent market, it offers customer insurance, mobile phones as well as electrical goods for the same. Figure: Tesco Multinational Company Tesco believes in offering their customers with reward system for getting 1 % return on purchases in form of voucher. Tesco is a big organization consisting of systems for assisting company at various operating levels. It ranges starting from operational level to purchases. It is considers as structure of systems for allowing business in running in an efficient way. It aims at making correct decisions in reports in complication with effective management. Transaction Processing Systems considers as vital systems in business operations. It is equally responsible in serving operational levels in an organization. Transaction Processing Systems consists of recording of payments in receiving various goods as well as services. It places orders in way of products and services at the same time. It withdraws money from cash machine (Cawsey et al. 2012). TPS contacts with customers constantly if their problem occurs in failure of systems. Tesco benefits from usage of transaction processing syst em in number of ways. It helps in holding as well as collecting information in about customers purchases mainly loyalty card. It assists ways in targeting other products for customers in increased sales. It creates automatic links with suppliers for improved stock levels. It helps in reduced physical efforts at operational levels in case of business organization. Tesco make use of Electronic Point of Sale for scanning barcodes as well as communicating with in-house system. It aims at recording all data transactions as well as stock in re-ordering level in batch systems. It accesses information from higher management for generating reports. It aims at providing distribution centre especially from third party suppliers. Stock ordering helps in minimization of errors as involved in manual ordering. It ensures great effectiveness in case of customer services for modified prices. It involves great choices of products in attainment of lower prices to the customers. Extended 7S framework of Tesco Tesco McKinsey 7S model mainly aims at illustrating on linkage between seven separate elements for business enterprise. It helps in increased effectiveness at the same time. This model addresses certain hard as well as soft elements in shared values as results in interaction between employee behaviour and performance for the same. Figure: 7S framework of Tesco Strategy- This includes strategy by Tesco in cost business leadership strategy. It effectively manages with marketing communication in business operations. Tesco is a supermarket retail chain for sustaining business culture. It revolves around extensive exploitation in case of economies of scale as well as exercise over bargaining power. It deals with suppliers in securing low purchasing costs in the most appropriate way. In the current marketplace, Tesco deals in taking complex challenges like restoring customers trust. This acts as following profit accounts scandal as well as supplier payment delays. It faces scandal and dramatically declined sales for resulting incidents. The main strategy of Tesco deals in addressing issues by CEO Dave Lewis. It takes into account items like reduction of capital expenditure (George and Jones 2012). It revolves around GBP of one billion. Replacement benefits reveal position schemes for employees as well as reviewing of property portfolio. It aims at cost reduction in the most appropriate way. It aims at focussing mainly on availability as well as services for future analysis purpose. It emerges at price attributes serving as strategic priority as new management in an effective way. Structure- It is necessary in viewing at that Tesco organizational structure. It maintains high hierarchical as well as consists of layers of management in and from store sales assistant to CEO. New CEO eliminates roles in case of deputy store management in the year 2015. It attempts ways for simplification of organizational structure. There are total ten members in Board of Directors as well as Executive Committee in Tesco Multinational Corporation. Systems- Tesco is one of the multinational Corporations dealing in retail sector. It relies mainly on wide range of system daily for sustaining business operations in every form. CEO of Tesco named as Dave Lewis announced revised plan for simplifying organizational systems for getting business back on track. It reforms from Steering Wheel performance appraisal system in containing forty measures for referring as a perfect example in real practice. As far as new performance evaluation performance systems are concerned, it deals with key performance measures for simplified process for future analysis purpose. Balance scorecard Tesco uses balanced scorecard for strategic planning as well as management systems. It is known as Steering Wheel. This particular organizational tool centres revolves around business for delivering core purpose at the same time. Tesco performance reports quarterly in the Board in summarized form (Griffin and Moorhead 2012). Salary of senior management created with the usage of key performance indicators with bonus. It establishes ways at descending scale in accordance with success level in steering wheels in the near future. Figure: Balanced Scorecard of Tesco Financial Perspective- It is important to understand the fact that financial perspective of an organization allows managers in tracking financial success. It helps in creating wealth for the shareholders for the same. It requires providing balanced approach in performance management. It focused mainly on traditional financial measures in the most appropriate way. Financial measures considers as an important dimensions in accordance with balanced scorecard (Hersey, Blanchard and Johnson 2013). Financial perspectives aim in measuring on strategy as well as execution and implementation. Financial perspectives aim at focusing on traditional return-based efficiency metrics in the near future. Customer Perspective- In this particular segment, it identifies with customer perspectives in the balanced scorecard approach. Customer perspective implements ways for competing with performance measurement system. It ensures successful outcomes like customer satisfaction, profitability as well as retention and acquisition in new product market segments. It helps companies in measuring as well as identification of value propositions for delivering targeted customers as well as market segments. It includes existing as well as possible customer populations in identification of segments for competing in the most appropriate way. Tesco attracts more than 15 million customers on weekly basis. This retail organization implements steering wheel for market segments in comparison with other related segments. Tesco aims at gaining customer satisfaction as well as decides in catering towards income groups. It offers distinct ranges for own-brand products for satisfaction for customers (Hulleman and Marijs,2012). Tesco launched Loyalty Club card in the year 1995. It serves as positive relationship between returns and loyalty of customers in an overall manner. Internal Business Process Perspective- In this particular attributes, mangers focus on identification of internal process in succeeding with implementation of required strategy. Metrics based upon perspectives leading by the managers in measuring goods as well as services. Internal business process helps in measuring internal process for achieving customers as well as financial objectives. Innovation-Tesco product development managers constantly look for latest trends in regard with food markets. Latest range of Tesco develops healthy eating market in finest range of operations. Designing and development involves new products for timely implementation of sourcing suppliers as well as conducting market research (Jabri 2012). Tesco aims at measuring payback period of new products as well sales in place of new product line. Operation Process- Traditionally, it involves in operations process in measuring performance management system. Tesco requires managing transport in better ways and has 2000 trucks. This organization identifies issues in drivers and decides on managing withy transport in better form. It reduces cost of transport as well as standard way for deports. Supplier process- It handles supermarkets in control assessment for consumers and increased exercising with buyer power for the same. Tesco demands millions of Irish suppliers in against returning sustained stocking of Irish shelves (Kinicki and Fugate 2012). Learning and Growth Perspective- This particular perspective aims at including training as well as employee learning in and within organizations. It continues in pleasing customers in the near future. This particular metrics guides managers for training funds and helping most of the business organization. Tesco believes in employing staff from multitude of different backgrounds as well as gaining opportunity in developing purpose. Tesco regularly measures the performance of staff members in the most appropriate way. Employees apply for training with performance appraisal in improving knowledge as well as skills for the same. SWOT of Tesco Strengths Weakness Tesco occupies the topmost position in the retailing organization in UK Involves in effective online operations Club card is one of the effective consumer informational tool Ensures strong property portfolio Tesco faces weak financial performance It faces serious damage in brand image from the commercial income scandal in the year 2015 It lacks reliance in the UK market It employees diminished morale of employees Opportunities Threats Tesco has the opportunity in pursuing international market expansion strategy Tesco has the capacity in increased presence in financial services industry Tesco enhanced increased non-food retail range for the same Tesco has the ability in enhanced effectiveness of marketing strategy Tesco faces threats and unable in new leadership in turning over business activities Tesco is unable in sustaining cost leadership competitive advantage Tesco faces lot of currency fluctuations in the current global marketplace Tesco indulges in emergence of new ethics related problems Strength of Tesco- It is important to understand the fact that Tesco enjoys increased market shares in recent global marketplace. It holds more than 13% of market share in the UK retail market. It has multi-format capability for continuous growth share in form of food as well as increased space contribution. It establishes hypermarkets as well as allows higher shares in non-food items (Kreitner and Kinicki 2013). As far as Tesco international business strategy is concerned, it deals with steady growth as well contributes in ascertaining group profits in the next five years. In accordance with geographical spread, it continuous in growing as well as ensuring continued regional strength for the same. Weakness of Tesco- It is important to understand the fact that although Tesco enjoys international growth, it faces issue in the near future. Tesco expects reduced debt from the year 2006. It conducts large capital expenditure programs as well as spaces in huge investment in form of new stores. Tesco has little cash for future expansion purpose. Opportunities of Tesco- Tesco have the ability in improved merchandising skills as well as involving growth for future analysis purpose. It engages in increase earnings and scale of operations for virtuous circle of growth in the near future. Tesco ventures into telecoms at the latest stages as well as developing retail services (Zoogah and Beugre  2013). It ensures repeated approach in form of banking as well as capitalization of branding initiatives. Threats of Tesco- Tesco face threats in UK structural changes and industrial profitability for the same. Tesco predicts for investment in case of driving higher returns. It faces problems in case of economic conditions as well as failure in business model in the near future. PESTLE: When operating a multinational organization, there is a need for the evaluation of the macroeconomic environment for this reason. As the CEO of the multinational organization, there is a need for the analysis of the environment of Tesco. Political: As the operation of the country takes place worldwide, there is the influence of the global political factors on the performance of Tesco. This would be including the rate of tax, the legislation act and stability of the country within which the country operates. The instability in the financial world has encouraged government of the countries to encourage foreign firms to create job for the population. The company provides wide employment opportunities for the country and satisfies the demand of the people. Economic: Economic factors are a major concern for the retailer Tesco as they are to leverage costs , profits , demand and prices. This is the reason there is a need to be aware of the changes in the taxation and the changes in the policies as this is a major reason that would be affecting the finances (Letavec 2014). The business has grown yet it is dependent on the UK market. The market share of UK is almost 30%. Social: There has been a vast changes in the shopping patter of the customers in UK as they are going for bulk shopping rather than one stop shopping. The sale of the non food items has increased by a larger amount. Technological: The technological advancement has created more opportunity for Tesco. The company has able to provide the option of online shopping to the customers along with the facility of home delivery (Ferrell, Hirt and Ferrell 2013). There is also the option of self-service checkout points, which has brought ease and convenience to the customers. This would also be reducing the cost of labour. Environmental: There is increasing pressure on the companies to solve the issues related to the environment and taking up the strategies for benefiting the society. The company Tesco dedicatedly follows the CSR policies. The company also aims at reducing the carbon footprints by 50% by the year 2020. The waste generation is also being minimised by the company Legal: The regulations and the policies of the government tend to affect the Tescos performance. In the year 2004, under the Food Retailing Commission (FRC) there was provision of the Code of Practices, which would ban the practices like the changing of the practices without prior notice from the suppliers. Management Structure Figure: Flat management structure of Tesco Earlier, Tesco uses flat organization structure at the time of starting business with small supermarket stores. It started with initial capital and follows simple structure for making final decision-making process. Later, Tesco implements usage of hierarchical structure in business operations. Figure: Hierarchical Management Structure of Tesco Tesco maintains hierarchical structure. It is because in large levels for people accountability. This structure involves many levels from one person to another. Each single level is mainly governed by one person. It is important to understand the fact that hierarchical organization structure helps in maintaining sequences in commanding like a pyramid. It includes large foundation of workers in straight line supervision in an effective way. It continues as apex ranking officer in most of circumstances in the near future (Mamo 2012). It involves ort of culture for allowing workers in Tesco in precise form. It requires clear authority as well as responsibility in and within organization. It undertakes in estimating costs for finishing on timely basis. Foundation of Organization Structure: The structure of the organization will help in defining the way the task is divided, coordinated or is grouped. These are the issues, which are fixed when the organizational structure is designed. The company Tesco must include division of labour so that the work is done in less time (Markovic  2012). The work when it is divided in many sub parts in which individual workers do each part where they are able to specialise rather than performing the entire task at one go. The organization must see that the work specialization is low as this would lead to higher impact on the productivity but the productivity would lower with the high specialization. Figure: Life Cycle of Work Specialization Departmentalization: In Tesco, every department performed as different unit with no coordination. This led to the communication gap within the system, which resulted, into loss for the company. The departmentalization of the jobs must be done based on the services or the products that the organization produces. This would be helping in the accountability of the performance as all the activities are related to the specific type of product under the single manager (McFarlin and Sweeney 2013). The firm can departmentalize the store in terms of the geography this will help the organization to locate the customers in the vast geographical area. This would be helping the Company Tesco to reach out for the target customers The company Tesco has a flat structure of management where the decision of the managers is brought down for the closest managers in action (Toch 2014). In case of centralised or the hierarchical form of the organization the decision flows from the top level to the lower level managers. There is an involvement of formal authority where the rights are inherent in a position. There is a different structure in case of decentralised governance (McShane and Von Glinow 2012). The organization Tesco follows a simple structure, which is a setback for a growing organization for Tesco as there is lower level of formalization, and this would lead to over loading of the information at the top level. The decision-making would also be slower with this form of organization design as the single executive tries to maintain the decision-making. This type of structure also involves riskiness in the business (McShane and Von Glinow 2013). The organization of Tesco must be of the bureaucratic form where there is highly routine task achieved through the formalized regulation and rules, specialization and centralised authority and standardized process of work (Spector 2013). Organizational Culture Organizational culture is a system that helps in the sharing of the system by the members that helps the organization to make it an unique culture from that of the other organization. In case of the present organizational culture of Tesco, there is weak culture so the organization is not able to achieve the goals and the objectives (Myers, Hulks and Wiggins 2012). The strong culture will help the organization Tesco to share the value of the organization in a more intense form. The more number of employees who are able to accept the core values there will stronger and greater influence on the behaviour of the members because the higher degree of the intensity and sharing will create a climate for the behavioural control. The implementation of a strong culture will help in the defining of boundary role. This woul help in creating a demarcation from the organization. This would be creating a sense of identity among the members. The culture will help in creating more larger interest than that of the self interest. The stability of the social system is also enhanced. Strong cultures would be providing the social glue through which they are attached to the providing of the standards to what is done and said by the company (Boonstra 2013). This is a control mechanism and the sense making that would shape and guide the behaviour of the employees. The decentralised pattern when followed then there is a greater importance given to culture. This might be also noted that the implementation of the strong culture might create a weaker decentralised system. With the reducing of the control system and formal authority, the shared meaning of culture will be leading everyone to the same direction (Shani and Noumair 2 014). Cultures within the organization of Tesco will help in creating a favourable climate. The organizational climate refers to the sharing of the perception of the members that they have about the work and the organization environment. This aspect of the culture will help in building team spirit in the organization (Nelson and Quick 2013). There is a need to see that there is a general feeling about how the things are working, the effect of their attitudes will be more than that of the than that of the individual parts. When there is positive workplace climate there will be greater customer satisfaction and high-level financial performance. Culture will help in organizational commitment and this will help in increasing the level of behaviour of the employees, which would be benefiting the organization. Organizational Change and Stress management: The company Tesco has a very rigid structure and so any type of changes is not accepted easily by the organization. The resistance of the change can be positive when there is an open discussion and debate (Schermerhorn 2012). The responses will help in the silence or apathy and can help in the indication of the of the processes of change in the organization There can be utilisation of the change agents which will be used as the resistance so that there is changes to fit the preferences of the other members in the organization (Neubert and Dyck 2014). There may emerge a dysfunctional conflict when the resistance is treated as threat. The resistance needs to be managed so that it does not affect the organizational procedure. The changes in the organization will be done using the Kotters Eight Step Plan. Kotter has held the common mistake the managers make while they are trying to implement change in the organization. There might be a failure for creating the sense of urgency, creating a coalition in the change process (Punnett 2013). There is a need for identification of the change for the event. The obstacles needs to be removed as it will be impeding the visions of achievement. Kotter implements eight sequential steps. This model of organizational change is more effective than other forms of organizational change models There is a need for removing the stress in the organization so that the employees will be able to work together. Some individuals who are able to overcome the stressful situation but there are some individuals who tend to bear it (Phillips and Gully 2013). The differences in the culture can also create stress. There different cultural people working under the organization and so each of them have different level of capacity to work in a stressful condition. The company can encourage some activities that will be helping in the management of stress (Shani, Pasmore and Woodman 2012). The following figure shows the relationship of stress levels and performance in the job. Figure: Relationship of Stress and Performance in Job The employees they should be able to take the personal responsibility of reducing the level of stress. The employees they should be able to manage the time, increase the physical exercise, encourage relaxation in training and expand the social support network. Time management among the employees will help in finishing the work early, which will help the Tesco for devoting more time for the other activities. There is a need for the segregation of the activities that is to be performed throughout the day (Oreg, Michel and By 2013). There is a need for the prioritising the activities as per the level of urgency. The schedules must be done as per the priorities set. There is a need for keeping the electronic devices so that the efficiency level is not reduced and limiting the attention. Procrastination would be minimised through the management of time which will help the employees to get more motivation even before the task is given to them. Recommendation: Tesco should understand that the rigid form of the organizational structure is not valid for competition in the global context. The structure of the organization should be such that they are able to accept the changes that are positive and as per the demand of the market. Production process needs to be changed into a lean management so that there is lesser wastage of the resources. The production process will also be streamlined and which would be more effective. The workers when they are engaged in the work specialization this will help the worker to learn a lot and would devote their skills to it. This will also minimise their efforts as they are continuously involved in the job. The quality and the excellence of the product would also increase. There will be higher revenue earned by the organization through the. Tesco should encourage departmentalization so that organization Tesco can encourage a wider range of audience all over the world. The simple form of the organization struc ture needs to be changed so that there would be lesser amount of risk faced there is a need for a bureaucratic structure as this would help in the better implementation of the resources and the top management will be able to handle all the operations in the system. Apart from a boundary, virtual organization there is a need for the implementation of the boundary less organization. With no boundary, the organization Tesco will be able get a greater advantage. The strategy of the Organization Tesco should be more specific and must be implemented for increasing the productivity. There might be differences in the culture across the structure of the organization but there is a need for the implementation of the lean management process. The ethics and positivity in the atmosphere will help in reducing the differences in the culture. The management needs to realise the potentials sources of stress affecting the employees and for this, there is a need to apply some stress management techniq ues. Conclusion: The change in the organization will be creating more advantages than disadvantages for the company. Like that of the other business Tesco also implements the changes in the organization in the fast paced environment this would help it to develop a competitive edge so that they do not lose the customers who are loyal to them. The use of the technology for the changes will help in creating more advantages as a large number of customers will be attracted. The communication technology would also be very strong. The employees they are able to adjust with the management when there is incorporation of the better strategies. Tesco through organizational change from their present state would be able to create more growth opportunities in the nation. Higher will the number of employment in the organization of Tesco. With higher level of priority offered to the customers, there will be more revenues earned by Tesco. References: Alvesson, M. (2013).Understanding organizational culture. Los Angeles: SAGE. Anderson, D. (2012).Organization development. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Baron, D. (2013).Business and its environment. Boston: Pearson. Beatty, J., Samuelson, S. and Bredeson, D. (2013).Business law and the legal environment. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Boje, D., Burnes, B. and Hassard, J. (2012).The Routledge companion to organizational change. Oxon: Routledge. Boonstra, J. (2013).Cultural change and leadership in organizations. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Cameron, E. and Green, M. (2012).Making sense of change management. London: Kogan Page. Cawsey, T., Deszca, G., Ingols, C. and Cawsey, T. (2012).Organizational change. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Ferrell, O., Hirt, G. and Ferrell, L. (2013).Business. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. George, J. and Jones, G. (2012).Understanding and managing organizational behavior. Boston: Prentice Hall. Griffin, R. and Moorhead, G. (2012).Organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Hersey, P., Blanchard, K. and Johnson, D. (2013).Management of organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson. Hulleman, W. and Marijs, A. (2012).Economics and business environment. Groningen [etc.]: Noordhoff. Jabri, M. (2012).Managing organizational change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kinicki, A. and Fugate, M. (2012).Organizational behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Kreitner, R. and Kinicki, A. (2013).Organizational behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Letavec, C. (2014).Strategic benefits realization. Plantation, FL: J. Ross Publishing. Mamo, G. (2012).Organizational Culture Assessment. Saarbrucken: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. Markovic , M. (2012).Impact of globalization on organizational culture, behavior and gender role. Charlotte: Information Age Pub. McFarlin, D. and Sweeney, P. (2013).International organizational behavior. New York: Routledge. McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M. (2012).Organizational behavior. New York: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M. (2013).Organizational behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Myers, P., Hulks, S. and Wiggins, L. (2012).Organizational change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nelson, D. and Quick, J. (2013).Principles of organizational behavior. Australia: South-Western. Neubert, M. and Dyck, B. (2014).Organizational behavior. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Oreg, S., Michel, A. and By, R. (2013).The psychology of organizational change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Phillips, J. and Gully, S. (2013).Organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Punnett, B. (2013).International perspectives on organizational behavior and human resource management. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. Robbins, S. and Judge, T. (2012).Essentials of organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. and Judge, T. (2013).Organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson. Schermerhorn, J. (2012).Organizational behavior.. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Shani, A. and Noumair, D. (2014).Research in Organizational Change and Development. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Shani, A., Pasmore, W. and Woodman, R. (2012).Research in organizational change and development. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Spector, B. (2013).Implementing organizational change. Boston: Pearson. Toch, H. (2014).Organizational change through individual empowerment. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. Zoogah, D. and Beugre , C. (2013).Managing organizational behavior in the African context. New York: Routledge.

Marshall And Constitution Essays - Thurgood Marshall,

Marshall And Constitution In Thurgood Marshall's "A Bicentennial View From the Supreme Court", Thurgood Marshall argues that the United States Constitution bicentennial celebration should not be commemorated with narrow views concerning the birth of the document, but rather should be seen as a living document, one which has been dramatically altered to reflect the changing views or society. Born from this ideal, Marshall contends that the Constitution should be placed into perspective with events in U.S. history, which followed its inception. Marshall adds that society should neither view the Constitution as a flawless governmental charter, nor its "framers" as sheer geniuses. He instead points to the paper's subsequent alterations, which helped it evolve to its current state. Marshall maintains that the framers were individuals who either compromised their own moral beliefs or were obvious hypocrites. Marshall's draws his logical conclusions from specific events in U.S. history. Marshall does not believe the United States is an impressive nation because of its Constitution and its founders, but rather it is only recently noble because of those individuals who "suffer[ed], stuggle[d], and sacrifice[d]" (Marshall 304) for freedom and turned the tide of popular opinion. Marshall views the bicentennial celebration as "oversimplified" and believes it it "overlook[s] the many other events that have been instrumental to our achievement as a nation" (Marshall 303). He discusses the obvious fundamental flaw with the Constitution: its deliberate exclusion of the abolition of slavery. Marshall argues that the slavery issue illustrated the corrupt understanding and forethought of the founding fathers and how they refused to address such a critical issue. In his essay, he makes two points concerning the founding fathers omission of the end of slavery. In order to preserve the union, the Constitutional framers compromised the economic benefits for both the northern and southern regions of the colonies versus the rights of slaves. However, in the Constitution, the representatives openly referred to them and their constituents as "We the People" (Constitution). The framers also advanced the principles from the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Declaration). However, Marshall ponders how these individuals, with their great wisdom, could one moment espouse the principles of personal freedom, and then condemn their fellow man to a life of servitude without the above stated rights. Marshall also questions how Gouverneur Morris, delegate from Pennsylvania, could openly denounce slavery, but hypocritically approve a government which allowed it. Nevertheless, Marshall does not place all fault with the framers. Observing the actions of the Supreme Court 70 and 170 years later, he concludes that the court continued the mistakes of the past. Marshall cites the court's opinion in the Dread Scott case as an example of the continued ignorance of the legal system toward the black race. Marshall illustrates that Chief Justice Taney accepted the notion that the founding fathers were flawless because he took their opinions as pure fact. " 'We [Supreme Court] think they [slaves] are not, and that they are not included, and were not intended to be included....They had for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order' " (Marshall 303). Marshall demonstrates that Taney and the Court made their decision on the basis of historical precedence. Instead of reevaluating the meaning of "all men are created equal"(Declaration) and the morality and humaneness of slavery, the Court merely reaffirmed a hypocritical idea of 70 years ago because of the narrow view of infallibility granted to the Constitutional framers, Marshall argues. Despite the addition of the 13th and 14th amendments, which ended slavery and quaranteed equal rights to all men, respectively, it was another 100 years before the Court eliminated the segregation that existed. Although Marshall continues to question the decisions of the Supreme Court, he brings to the forefront the legal and social principles, which have altered through time to permit the society that exists today. He does not view the first version of the Constitution as the factor for today's equality. Rather, Marshall focuses on the greatness of the subsequent changes. To fully understand this, Marshall unionizes the legality concept. He states that blacks were "enslaved by law, emancipated by law, disenfranchised and segregated by law; and finally, they have begun to win equality by law" (Marshall 303). It is here that Marshall makes his most important point and asks for perspective about the celebrations and that individuals realize the struggles of the individuals who yearned for freedom and the Constitutional vibrancy they helped create.

Educational dissatainment on the grounds of sex essays

Educational dissatainment on the grounds of sex essays The results from our observation and from the context analysis of the story clearly support the growing international notion that boys are simply underachieving at school. Whilst many think that boys are achieving no less there is definitely a growth in the gap between the sexes at all levels of education from secondary to primary schooling and possibly even from birth. Ultimately the figures speak for themselves with a noticeable gap being recognized at the age of 7 with girls leading in writing and reading, At 11 the gap then continues with girls out performing boys in all subjects including traditional male topics such as Math and Science. By the time of G.C.S.E results girls are again ahead disproving the idea that boys simply mature later. With girls dominance in traditional male subjects such as C.D.T. as a national survey showed (girls were two thirds better than boys were) and all over the board averaging 8% over the boys at G.C.S.E (Arnot et al, 1996). So what is the future for boys in society, is it possible for them to regain the ground or is it all societies fault? In this explanation we hope to explain some of the sociological theories which have been offered to explain this and ultimately why this gap has grown so suddenly with the help of both named studies and external statistical data. First of all to explain why women are suddenly out striping boys it is important to realise that this may not be a recent phenomenon which has suddenly occurred recently. For many feminists this is the view they have held for some time saying that prior to this growth female students were simply restricted from growing. A change in the female ideology has thus taken place as shown in Sue Sharpes study Just like a Girl in which girls reactions and thoughts on life were recorded in 1976 and later in 1994. From these results she concluded the 1976 pupils were simply worried about ...

Top 10 Resume Tips that Will Get You Hired in 2017 [Infographic]

Top 10 Resume Tips that Will Get You Hired in 2017 [Infographic] Everyone looking for a searching for a job wants to better their resume. The Internet is saturated with resume related topics dedicated to helping you portray yourself in a professional and concise manner. The folks over at KickResume  have taken this one step further and compiled an infographic detailing the top 10 resume tips that will undoubtedly get you hired. There are plenty of resume advice out there, some are really useful and some are just generic outdated tips. That’s why we compiled a list of best resume tips 2016.

Weber or Foucault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weber or Foucault - Essay Example Through this people in North Korea lack proper knowledge of what is happening. They also do not enjoy the freedom of speech something that has been widely criticized. North Korea has been on the spotlight in the recent for cases of human rights violations. It is impossible to establish the full extent of the violations but the country has been on the spot over different kind of violation affecting human rights according to Paul Walker. It has also been realized that the extent of human rights violation is accelerated by lack of awareness. North Korea’s constitution has been accused on infringing on human rights (Walker). Currently the freedom of speech has been limited to radio stations, televisions and music providers who are legally owned by government or government operated. Moreover, humans have been subjected to forced labor as prisoners in concert ration camps in North Korea. As a foreigner it has been difficult to access this country with more strict rules which monitor every visitor in that country. The situation is worse for aid workers who are under constant surveillance and scrutiny as well as exclusion from certain government

What specific action(s) should Christians take regarding the Essay - 1

What specific action(s) should Christians take regarding the environment and its preservation or restoration - Essay Example And God said, let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the Earth† (King James Version Genesis 6:26) One of the priorities that Christians should have within the framework of the way in which they conduct their lives is to be good stewards of the Earth. As good stewards of the Earth it is the responsibility of Christians to make sure that their associations and personal responsibilities are toward an effort to support the creation of the Earth in the manner that God intended. Through looking at the creation story in Genesis, one can clearly see that human kind was given dominion over the Earth. This is further supported in Psalms. However, the concept of dominion often is misunderstood as having the use of the Earth, rather than being held responsible for the way in which the Earth is cared for as a living world. The concept of free will is sometimes considered more the manifestation of God’s will rather than taking responsibility for what has happened to come to terrible outcomes where the Earth is concerned. In looking at the way in which the dominion over the Earth has be en considered, the way in which Christians engage their world should be revised with the attitude that in giving human kind this responsibility, a great trust was handed to human kind. This trust should not be violated by those who believe in Him. When God created the Earth and all of the creations within the realm that is the Earth, the Bible states that man was given dominion over all of His creation. Brown (2011) quotes a portion of Psalms to support the assertion that man was given this power. It states in the Bible that â€Å"You have made him to have dominion over the works of Your hands; You have put all things under his feet† (New King James

A Teacher’s Involvement on Education Reform Essay Example for Free

A Teacher’s Involvement on Education Reform Essay Student achievement is constantly changing. Today’s students are being prepared to face the real world that requires them to have exceeding abilities and knowledge. On the global economic aspect of today, students are asked to understand the fundamentals and at the same time be able to think critically. They must analyze and make inferences. It is the teacher’s task to develop these skills in the students. They must prepare them for any changes in the assessment of the school, especially when this approach is of the large scale and high-stake level. Education in the United States has been reformed countless times – all for various reasons. The changes in the knowledge and skills that are aimed for success go hand in hand with the understanding of how students learn. The relationship between the instruction given in schools and the assessment of the students through exams change the learning goals that are set for them and their schools. Therefore, the need for education reform. 1 Before, society can get by with the basic reading and arithmetic skills. This was during the industrial age. However, we are now in an information age. Individuals are required to have access to the interpretation and analysis of the information that they use in order to come up with decisions. Studies show that the skills and competencies mentioned in the previous sentence are the requirements to succeed in the workplace. 2 To adapt to these changes, the content standards of education – skills, knowledge and behavior of the students – must be achieved at a higher level. This is developed at the national, as well as the state areas of science, mathematics, history and geography. In this process, student assessment is the focus and the center of the efforts on matters concerning educational improvements. The policymakers intend to change the assessment that will allow teachers and schools to have different approaches. Assessment reform is not an excuse for a new regime by teachers. This is targeted to the students with the help of the development efforts of the teachers. These include curriculum reform, improving instruction and getting new instructional materials. A number of policymakers and educators believe that the assessment of the students reflect the lessons that they were taught. It’s true that the assessment influences the format of instruction. Contrary to the understanding of today’s students on how they learn their lessons, the assessments are particularly traditional. Most exams still follow the multiple-choice and the true-false format. These test facts determine the skill in an isolated approach. It seldom requires the students to apply what they really know, making it hard to determine what they are capable of doing in real life situations. The standardized tests do not match the content standards. Relying too much on these kinds of assessment often result to an instruction that only focuses on the basic knowledge and skills. It does not encourage the institution to reform the instruction give to the students. Engaged learning will prepare the students better for the 21st century. That being said, it only makes sense that the tests the students take encourage aggressive learning. 3 The notion that learning comes about by the accretion of little bits is outmoded learning theory. Current models of learning based on cognitive psychology contend that learners gain understanding when they construct their own cognitive maps of the interconnections among concepts and facts. Thus, real learning cannot be spoon-fed, one skill at a time. 4 Educators, policymakers and parents are starting to realize that the basic learning abilities are no longer enough. They need the students to have the skills they learned in school and the abilities they need upon leaving school all at the same time. Schools are expected to assist students in developing these competencies which they will use in real and authentic situations. The establishments are expected to graduate students who have these abilities – students who excel on both the standardized and the alternative assessments. During the last decade, the education community in the United States went through a proliferation of reform efforts that are standardized-driven. Its main objective is to increase the achievement level of the students. They want students from the United States achieve the same level of competitiveness with other industrialized nations. The education community also wants to restore the public confidence in the education. Once these are achieved, then it provides the standards-setting bodies the primary ways on how the classroom teachers can be involved in the reforming process. The federal government is a prominent player in the reforming efforts one educations. It goes all the way back in March 1994 when President Clinton signed the â€Å"Goals 2000: Educate America Act. It was the legislation that created the framework which allowed states to adopt and construct the education reform strategies by incorporating the three Goals principles: 1. ) rigorous academic standards. 2. ) alignment of curriculum, textbooks and teacher education and 3. ) clear incentives to encourage students to strive to meet high standards. Also, in 1987, the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards or the NBPTS was formed in order to articulate the standards of excellence to what teachers must know and should know. NBPTS has an assessment system that determines the eligibility of the educators for the National Board certification. At the same time, the Council of Chief State School Officers has established the Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC) to produce the model standards for the initial teacher licensure. INTASC standards are based on NBPTS standards. In 1987, the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) started using the revised accreditation standards for teacher education institutions. This also reflects NBPTS standards. It calls for better performance, higher admissions and graduate standards. NCATE encourages the teachers to prepare the reforms on education at a content standard that has appeared from projects such as the NCTMs. There are three kinds of national standards which currently receive attention from the American government. The content standards focus on the curriculum, the performance standards concentrate on the student work and the assessment, and the school delivery standards which centers on the resources and support for the schools, teachers and students. The building figures from the consensus prominently show that the standards- setting movement of the schools and teachers has had de facto standards for the content areas that are mentioned in the Goals. These are affected by the textbook manufactures and the performance standards that are set by the testing companies. In contrast to this, the standards development projects of recent years have tried to get a base of support for a ny academic improvement. The involvement of teacher in the professional standards development can be seen in various areas: 1.  The teachers function as the standards. A lot of members of the NBPTS standards committees are accomplished and celebrated teachers. Classroom teachers are members of the NCATE board and the Standards Committee serve as the team which evaluates the teacher preparation programs. The Standard Project is there to develop the assessment standards. It also serves as the instrument for a national system of voluntary student examination. It engages the teachers in developing the tests items and refining the content standards in order to come up with better scores from the students. 2.  Teachers are the subjects of the fields that are new to test standards. Since they participate in the NBPTS field test, the INTAST assessments are conducted by teachers. 3. Teachers serve as the translators of the content standards. They apply this in a teachable classroom setting. By working with the scholars, the teachers build the contend standards in a state curriculum framework. They come up with lesson plans which are the operations for the standards they intend to meet. 4. Because they bargain units and have professional associations, teachers serve as the initiators of the standards-setting projects.  Take this for example, the Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students was developed by the American Federation of Teachers, the National Council on Measurement in Education and the National Education Association. 5. Teachers also serve as the critics of the national standards that set the efforts on education reform. The seven model standards that have been developed and supported by the Board of Education have circulated drafts of the standards documents. It also solicits the comment from the teachers and the parents. It is very important that teachers are on the panels in order to oversee the projects. The promotion of students’ critical thinking skills, active engagement in learning and deeper understanding of the subject matter is â€Å"teaching for understanding. † The classroom teachers must be engaged in teaching and understanding the lessons that they teach to the students. The research and the experience are collaborated and are jointly reported. Teachers must also focus on the policy considerations, starting with the perspectives in the classroom and emphasizing on the need for the field-based research that are needed for the multiple contexts of teaching. However, the involvement of teachers also varies on the perception of the school leadership. There are some teachers that perceive the costs of involvement in education reform outweigh the benefits. There are also some teachers who choose to not get involved because it means that this will influence other school policies. With this in mind, this proves that there are two kinds of decisions: the managerial, which is made by the administrators and the technical, which concentrates on the goal. Most teachers prefer being involved in the process than coming up with technical decisions. 7 Then there are some teachers that argue that education reform cannot be imposed on a unilateral approach. Teachers must endorse their new responsibilities and roles, as long as there is a time and enough resources to go about it. Schools depend on the cooperation, relation and interdependence of the staff members that plans such as these must be consistent with the norms that already exist. 8 Schools must also consider the current staff development. There are some models that do not help the teachers in handling the complex reforms that are currently being implemented. Dominant models work perfectly when the specific practices or skills are transferred. The current reforms need teachers to be intellectual. They must grapple the new ways in order to implement the principles and ideas in their daily work. The five steams of reform are challenges to the teachers. 9 Finally, there are the different studies of teachers when it comes to leadership roles. There are conditions that are particularly good prospects when it comes to leadership. By investing in roles that are dignified and not simply powerful, the organizational incentives needed for collaboration results to agreements which protect and separate the interest of the administrators and the teachers. This is a good thing because its final result is that it complies with the policies which support the education reform. Drawing from four different studies of teachers in leadership roles, the author examines the conditions for teacher productivity in schools. Little identifies five conditions as particularly likely to advance or erode the prospects for teacher leadership: define leadership tasks that are important, not trivial; invest leadership roles with dignity, not simply power over others; have organizational incentives for collaboration; avoid agreements that protect the separate interests of teachers and administrators; and have district policies that support teacher leadership, especially those on recruitment, selection, placement, and evaluation of principals. 10 Sometimes it is better to give movie examples. Over the years, there are countless movie releases that show teachers defying the school’s rules in order to provide what is best for their students. In â€Å"Dangerous Minds†, Michelle Pfeiffer encourages her students to read poetry instead of hanging out in the street and ruining their lives by getting involved in drugs, sex and gangsters. In the â€Å"Sister Act 2†, Whoopi Goldberg helms a choir consisting of African American students from the ghettos. Like Pfeiffer in â€Å"Dangerous Minds†, this is the nun’s distraction for the students to make something out of their lives. But a recent movie that depicts educational reform and teacher’s involvement best is the TV movie â€Å"Walkout. † It tells the story of the Mexican-American students in Los Angeles high schools in 1968. They staged a boycott in order to improve the quality of education for Chicanos. Actor-director Edward James Olmos (who plays Jennifer Lopez’ dad in â€Å"Selena) appears and directs in the movie. â€Å"Walkout† was skillfully directed and presented a simple story told in a direct manner. There is a frank portrayal of the unacceptable educational standards in the schools that are attended by the Mexican-American students. In one scene, two Chicano students were slapped on their behinds because they spoke in Spanish. This was only one of the rules in American schools which Mexican-American activists wanted to reform. They want to speak in Spanish whenever they want to because Spanish is their language. For teachers who want a peg in participating in educational reforms, they can look at Sal Castro played by Michael Pena (Jennifer Lopez’ brother in â€Å"Selena. ) He is a dedicated high school history teacher who is the instrument in stirring idealism in his students. He didn’t want them to be violent activists. He encouraged reform but he reminded them that this can be done in a united and peaceful protest. The focal point of the story is Paula Crisostomo (Alexa Vega) who is an exceptional student. She risked her graduation in order to be part of the Lincoln High School walkout. â€Å"Walkout† captures the passion of Paula and her classmates. The parents strongly resisted at the earlier part of the film, but later on they slowly understood the reason behind the activism of their children. The entire cast, played by young performers, is convincing. It is true that â€Å"Walkout† is a film but this is a depiction of something that happened in 1968 which changed history. Because of that walk-out, Mexican-American students are given a voice. The teacher participated in his own way in the education reform his students want granted. Those who watched this movie for the first time were unaware of the Chicano movement of 1968. They were surprised to find out that there was a time Universities kept Chicanos out. Teachers sacrifice their efforts and their time in order to concretize the goals they want for their students. Education reform may not be achieved with just one snap of a finger but that does not mean that teachers should stop trying there and then. For this very reason of reform, teachers and students are more motivated to strive toward success. Education reform is a right that must be made the most out of. It could be better opportunities for the teachers as well as the students. Once the school is presented an option to have an education, then they must seize it. It may be puzzling at first but the absence of education reform can have dire effects on the effective teaching in schools. Research shows that successful schools have reformed their education in relation to the demands of today’s information age. By viewing teaching as the central activity of organizations, more and more educational bodies are encouraging schools to take part of education reform. By proposing the norms, conducts, standards and practices which will serve as the central dialogue and observation of teaching, activities and practices that are related to providing a curriculum and materials needed by the school, students and teachers will be open to the recognition of teacher’s involvement in the whole educational reform process.

The Second Sex by Simone De Beauvoir Essay -- gender differences, 2015

Feminism is the radical notion that women are people. It is the movement for the political, social, and educational equality of women with men. It has its roots in the humanism of the 18th century and the Industrial Revolution. Feminist issues range from access to employment, education, child care, contraception, and abortion, to equality in the workplace, changing family roles, damages for sexual harassment in the workplace, and the need for equal political representation. Some may think that in 2015 we may be completing the first step for women, which has been a long journey, the acceptance of women as people. However, women, like so many other groups, have gained legal rights only to face less institutional, but more subtle forms of discriminations. The idea that women are equal because of women’s rights is in my opinion valid in some ways and invalid in other ways. Traditionally, women have been regarded as inferior to men physically and intellectually. Women could not possess property in their own names, participate in business ventures, or control having children if they wanted them or not or even control of their own lives. The Feminist movement dates from 1848, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Coffin Mott and others who were at a women’s convention at Seneca Falls, N.Y. issued declaration of independence for women, demanding full legal equality, full educational and commercial opportunity, equal compensation, the right to get paid and the right to vote. In this essay I will discuss The Second Sex by Simone De Beauvoir and her feminist views. I will discuss the gender differences between males and females today as well as in the past. Simone De Beauvoir was born in Paris. She had a younger sister and they lived in middle-class family. She went to a conservative Catholic prep school for girls. She had several licenses, which are equivalent to master’s degrees today, in literature, philosophy and mathematics. While in School she met Sartre a philosopher most closely associated with existentialism. She was one of the first women to pass the rigorous aggregation in philosophy. She taught in Marseiles, Rouen, and Paris from 1931 to 1943, but her contract ended because she was accused of sleeping with a student. After that she began a monthly magazine with Sarte that discussed politics and literature. Simone De Beauvoir’... ... care of the home and their husbands didn’t have a man of her own. Now I don’t know the exact significance of this, but my take on it is that the movie was trying to show that no matter what you do as a woman you can’t make a man stay just because you do what is â€Å"expected†. Overall, feminism aims to have women treat equally as men in all aspects of life. We as women have come a long way since the early 1900s, but really how far have we come? There are still very few women in high positions as me, there still has never been a woman president, and in some cases men are earning higher wages than men even if they hold the same position. However, women have shown that we can do whatever a man can do and we can do it just as good as a man. We no longer have to even consider accepting the fact that we have our â€Å"place† and be seen as the â€Å"object†. Moreover, I think that it is the responsibility of the woman to make sure that she is respected and that she is given the same rights as the man. Also men need to be more aware of the situation that’s occurring. Works cited: The Norton Anthology Theory and Criticism p.1403-1414 www.lib.usc.edu/~retter/1st2.html

Comparing two fictional novels

Telling the difference between two fictional novels is a simple task but finding a similarity within them both is a hard thing to do, or so you may think. When I think of the comparison of the two novels, which I need to pick, there are many books In which I have read before but none as interesting as what I am about to share. One of the books is â€Å"Daughter of the Sea, Hannah† by Kathy Lacks. The other one Is â€Å"The Fallen† by Thomas E. Singsongs. Let us look at the differences between the two novels In the next paragraph.One of the differences Is the thickness of the book and the size of the words. The novel â€Å"Daughter of the Sea, Hannah† Is obviously for smaller kids around five to ten to read as the words are huge and the thickness of the book Is quite thin. Meanwhile â€Å"The Fallen† Is squeezed with tiny little words and Is bounded together In a thick stack. A teenager like me would read one of this. There are even more differences than th ese. The plot of â€Å"Daughter of the sea, Hannah† revolves around an orphan girl as she gradually finds out more about herself as she grows up.She is not like a normal human being but actually something else†¦ The Fallen† is a novel about a teenage boy having odd events happening around him when he later finds out that he is actually the son of a fallen angel. These two novels have not only different kinds of themes but also different kinds of sentence structures. As you know that the novel â€Å"Daughter of the Sea, Hannah† is one for the lower grades to read, it will definitely be filled with simple sentences such as: â€Å"Whatever the creature was, it looked free, utterly free. And â€Å"Hannah could not quite believe it. † These sentences are simple to allow the lower grades to understand the novel better. While, the novel â€Å"The Fallen† as sentences like: â€Å"As intolerable as the voices had become, the sudden lack of them was eq ually extreme. † and â€Å"The door began to slowly open with the high-pitched whine that Tom had been threatening to put oil to since the summer, and three men entered on a powerful gust of wind. † Can you see the differences between them now? † Now, lets move on to the similarities of these two novels.So what makes these two books so different yet so similar? One of it is the plot of these two books. In both stories, the main character is put into hard positions where they have to make decisions that might change they're lives forever. Not only that, both main characters meet new people on their quest and also fall in love. I did not notice they were that similar until I really thought about It. When you read a novel, you do not usually compare the characters with others from another novel.But I noticed that between these two books, both the mall characters are orphans and both have kind, caring and strong characteristics. Whereas for the villain, has a strange, cruel and twisted personality. Every good novel needs a good ending sentence. â€Å"Daughter of the Sea, Hannah† concludes Its story with: â€Å"l am not alone! There Is a world out there. While â€Å"The Fallen† concludes Its novel with: â€Å"By touch he found what was needed, a twelve-Inch blade that glinted sharply In the beams of sunlight that streamed in through openings In the boarded-up windows. The first word that came into my mind was confidence. Why? Because they show me that they what. Something really interesting about the similarities about these two books is that the authors of these two books had me thinking and reflecting to myself. I thought; â€Å"If I were to make an important decision in the future, will I choose the right one? Can I be as strong as them if it goes wrong? Or will I Just snap like a twig and break down? I can see what the authors of these two books was trying to show us and I felt what they wanted me to feel. It's amazing how di fferent these books are and yet how similar they can be. May they be from different genres, for different age groups and with different plots. There will always be a similarity between any two fiction books of any kind. When you compare and contrast two very different books, using you brain and a little bit of you literature knowledge, you will be able to spot the similarities as soon as a strike of lightning.

A Literature Review on the Proton Saga FLX Automative Relay Box Cover

2.1Automotive relay box screen The merchandise chosen for this survey is relay box screen from Proton Saga FLX. A relay box screen are manufacture by utilizing injection modeling procedure. The map of this screen is to avoid the H2O from flow into the relay portion that located in goon of auto. Basically, the fictile portion of automotive usage plastic from thermosetting household. The polypropene ( PP ) stuff was choose to utilize in this undertaking. Figure 2.1: Automotive relay box screen 2.2Material Polymer is a larger category of stuff that consist many little molecule known as monomer. In make up one's minding to increase the quality in merchandise that produce in plastic industry, many manner is discover to increase the quality of merchandise. Type of fictile stuff is a 1 of solution in green goods a good quality so if take a incorrect stuff will do the quality of merchandise lessening. 2.2.1Polypropylene [ PP ] Harmonizing to Tripathi ( 2002 ) polypropene ( PP ) was found by G. Natta by following work from K. Zeigler by the polymerisation of propylene monomer in 1997. Polypropylene is manufactured by add-on polymerisation and in group of semi-crystalline thermoplastic. After last four decennary, polypropene is fictile stuff which is 3rd largest consumed after Polyethylene ( PE ) and Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) . Figure 2.2: Polypropylene ( PP ) construction. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/ra/c4ra01232a Advantage of polypropene ( PP ) :Low cost technology plasticsGood chemical oppositionGood detergent oppositionGood weariness oppositionHigher opposition temperatureGood hardness, stiffness, strengthDisadvantage of polypropene ( PP ) : The chief applications of polypropene ( PP ) in different market sectors in table below:sectorTypical applicationsAutomotive industryRadiator enlargement valve, battery instances, tool boxes, bumper screens, splash guards, maneuvering wheel screen, side stripsFamily goodVideo cassettes, baggage, bottle caps, nutrient processor lodging, bowls, pail, playthingsDomestic contraptionsServe washer parts such as top frame, cellar, bath, extruded gaskets, H2O canal, etc. Refrigerator parts such as boxes, containers, shortss, canal, recess and mercantile establishment pipe Microwave oven cabinet, chainss and java shaper organic structure partsElectrical applicationsCable covering, overseas telegram yokes and antenna constituentsTable 2.1: Polypropylene ( PP ) in different sector. Beginning: Tripathi ( 2002 ) 2.3Injection Modeling Nowadays Injection casting is one of largest used in fabricating procedure by utilizing thermo-polymer and thermoset as stuff for fiction. A assortment of merchandise are manufactured by utilizing injection casting procedure because of flexibleness of merchandise end product. There are some of our day-to-day used merchandise that industry from injection procedure. For illustration compact phonograph record, toys, car bumpers, nomadic phone lodgings and tiffin boxes. Harmonizing Shin and Park ( 2013 ) the procedure of green goods some merchandise is requires three things which is injection-molding machine, natural plastic as a stuff, and cast in ( figure 2.3 ) . Injection casting is a reiterating procedure or cyclic procedure. Harmonizing Kennedy ( 2008 ) Injection modeling consists of four chief phase to finish the procedure to bring forth some merchandise in ( figure 2.4 ) . Figure 2.3: Injection modeling machine. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.custompartnet.com/wu/InjectionMolding Figure 2.4: Four chief phase in injection casting procedure. 2.4Gate Gate placement is a chief of successful of injection modeling procedure. Gate is a like a valve for liquefied polymer through to the cast. The map of gate is really of import in injection modeling procedure to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate should be located at country that have less use emphasis in portion and at where decorative non really concern. If we choose a incorrect gate location the merchandise will do low quality and besides the defect will happen on the merchandise. The proper gate location can maximise quality of merchandise besides it can avoid defect to happen. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) for gate locate at margin in a cast, more prefer use two-plate cold smuggler system. In extra, three-plate smuggler system can be used on gate that locate at inside margin. Thickness of portion is one of job in make up one's minding location of gate. Normally merchandise have fluctuations in thickness which is thin and thick portion in one merchandise. The gate must be locate at thick portion foremost compare to thin portion. This will minimise existing of defect in merchandise such as sink and nothingness at thick part and besides uncontrolled of shrinking job. During make fulling procedure the thin portion will freeze-off anterior comparison thick portion. Logically, more force per unit area must be supplied to come in the cast if gate locate at thin portion and besides chance all pit to thick portion will be blocked because of flow of melt plastic already freeze. This will ensue shrinking at thick portion besides voids, sinks, and emphasis. The bing residue emphasis will take to warpage job in fictile portion. The location gate chosen must be in this standard Beaumont ( 2006 ) :Gate must be locate at thickest portion or subdivision ( To avoid sinks, shrinking, warpage and nothingnesss. )To guarantee unvarying filling and packing gate must turn up at balance flow waySee weld line on critical subdivisionLocate at ease topographic point or subdivision for degating procedureThe gate grade should non desert the visual aspect of merchandiseGate location will supply a type of gate will usedFocus on length of flow through cast ( to guarantee adequate force per unit area to make full cast )Know the maximal value force per unit area of clinch tonnage/mold can be coveredThe size of gate besides must be concern to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate size must be start by smaller size foremost and increase the size until a proper wadding in pit cast bend to constant. The form of merchandise besides ensuing in choice of where gate will turn up for better quality. For 3-dimensional form ( box or cup ) more prefer gate locate at centroid of cast. This will ensue the radial flow form on portion and the filling procedure more easier besides low defect will be. In the ( table 2.2 ) below show recommended forms and location of gate.characteristicGambar dalam buku how to do injection casting Tgk Defense Intelligence Agency punya ayat balikCentric gateSmall surface to volume ratio of round cross subdivision reduces heat loss and clash.Difficult machining operation in both mold halve needed.Centric place renders separation more hard and may necessitate station operation.Gate promote jettingBizarre gateThe bizarre place of the gate installations of machining.Ease of demolding and separation from casting is another advantage.gate opening aligned to a wall impedes gushingTable 2.2: Recommended forms and location of gate. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) Some merchandise will confront blush grade because of portion of the frozen tegument flow with melt plastic into pit during injection procedure. After the unwanted stuff jet into pit it will do gushing this stuff non remelt in the stuff that jet into pit. Beaumont ( 2006 ) said that gushing go on because of high speed from restrictive gate jet the stuff that non yet melt. To get the better of this job by follow the guideline for gate design feature in the ( table 2.3 ) below Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) .Gate designCharacteristicGambar Tukar ayat sekaliGate should be positioned in such manner that no jetting can happen doing troublesome grade ; melt must encroach in wall or other obstruction If gate is machined merely into one cast half, cold â€Å"skin† may be carried into pit. This besides consequence in bloom Markss. Redress: a particular cold bullet good accepts cold stuff.Centric location of gate with disconnected passage and rough walls prevent conveyance of cold surface bed. Radius at passage causes laminar flow of thaw into pit and prevent jetting.Table 2.3: Guideline for gate design characteristic. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) The optimal size of gate depend on:Mold temperatureMelt temperatureVolume stuff to be injected into the feelingModeling wall subdivisionThe flow feature of the stuff to be mold.2.4.1Type of gate The chief intent of gate is to link smuggler to model pit during injection procedure. So gate have many type to carry through a different cast to accomplish a good form and quality of merchandise. Basically there are three common type of gate that normally used in injection casting procedure Crawford ( 1998 ) :Sprue gatePin gateSide gate Figure 2.5: Three common type of gate normally used. Beginning: Plastic Engineering by Roy J. Crawford ( 1998 ) 2.4.1.1 sprue gate 2.5Cast Cast can be defined as a portion that act as to determine fictile stuffs. The major map cast to reassign as topographic point that melt plastic will reassign into cast to organize a coveted form and chuck out when thaw plastic bend to solid. Mold consist of nucleus and pit. Basically the pit side is a side that melt plastic will flux to cavity side from nose. Core side maps as defining and besides as expulsion system after melt fictile solidify. 2.5.1Single pit cast Process production of big portion normally differ with little portion in injection casting. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that big portion are molded utilizing individual pit cast. The production of larger portion are frequently non required in a larger measure. In extra, the building of individual pit cast usage simplest building with a simple injection method and simplest expulsion portion. Figure: Single pit cast. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ellmanbooks.com/sale-3136731-custom-single-cavity-plastic-mold-hot-cold-runner-injection-molding.html ) 2.5.2Two home base cast 2.5.3Three home base cast 2.6Variables in injection casting There some of variable that will play importance function in happening of optimal parametric quantity in injection casting procedure. The value of this parametric quantity will impact the quality of merchandise if non to the full function decently. Harmonizing to Rosato ( 2000 ) incorrect input of parametric quantity puting will take to quality of merchandise bad besides the preciseness will diminish besides will increasing the cost and clip of production. Four type of variables will used in injection casting procedure:The injection force per unit areaThe wadding force per unit areaThe mold temperatureThe thaw temperature2.6.1Injection force per unit area The injection force per unit area is a most of import parametric quantity in successfully present a thaw plastic to whole mould portion. The thaw plastic is force through the nose and present to model infinite. The job during bringing of thaw plastic, the stuff fast cooled if contact with mould surface will traveling and it causes defect if fictile non filled decently with adequate force per unit area. If force per unit area low the thaw plastic non fulfilled mould infinite and high force per unit area besides can do overpacking on merchandise. 2.6.2Packing force per unit area Packing force per unit area is a force per unit area that map to avoid a thaw plastic flow back out of mold infinite during injection modeling procedure. Packing force per unit area besides act as secondary force per unit area phase. 2.6.3Mold temperature Mold temperature is one of of import to see in during injection modeling procedure. Temperature of cast are of import in concluding portion that required surface of merchandise smooth and in good status. If mold temperature low, it will do melt fictile hard to make full besides lead to increasing of injection force per unit area. The cast with higher temperature will cut down emphasis in cast while make fulling procedure and the surface coating will better. 2.6.4Melt temperature Melt temperature known as temperature of fictile stuff to run before injection procedure. A to Higher temperature will do polymer will alter their belongingss. Melt temperature will consequence on the viscousness of thaw plastic that will through mold infinite by bringing system.ParameterValueInjection force per unit area100-130 MPaPacking force per unit areaMold temperature15-65OCMelt temperature230-275OCTable 2.4: Parameter of injection casting for polypropene ( PP ) . ( Beginning: Rees and Catoen-Selecting Injection Molds ( 2006 ) ) 2.7Defect Plastic injection casting is an effectual industry in production of plastic. In industry universe, the merchandise green goods are non in one hundred per centum ( 100 % ) in good quality production. Even in injection casting procedure besides have a same job in quality of merchandise based on defect occurred. 2.7.1Weld line Weld line normally occur during the mold filling procedure when thaw plastic flow in mold form and recombined at terminal of pit or downstream location. The surface of merchandise will look like cleft of the shaped portion and if many weld line exist in merchandise it will considered low quality merchandise. The presence of weld line ever occur in plastic cast production and it will failure the merchandise if used in structural applications due to diminishing strength at weld country. Weld line can split into two ( 2 ) types which is butt dyer's rocket and meld dyer's rocket. Butt weld occurred when thaw plastic going with antonyms way and meet. Other weld line exist when involve extra flow when thaw plastic have recombined in mold pit. This dyer's rocket called meld dyer's rocket. But most normally exist dyer's rocket is butt dyer's rocket because it cause most jobs. Figure: formation of weld line. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University – Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) ) Gambar butt dyer's rocket and canasta line Harmonizing Malloy ( 2010 ) the weld line exist can be overcome by consider in procedure:Increase thaw and cast temperatureIncrease velocity of injectionIncrease clip and retention force per unit areaMold design must be recheck2.7.2Shrinkage Shrinking occurred during chilling clip. Shrinking happen when thaw plastic flow in cast that indirect contact with cold cast. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) shrinking have many job and it may impact the warpage, residue emphasis and portion size. In other words, shrinking is a volume decreases as plastic cools and solidified. Pressure of expulsion to take portion from nucleus of cast will increase because of shrinking because alteration in form or warpage. Figure: Shrinking exist at thick portion lead to warpage job. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University – Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) ) Malloy ( 2010 ) said shrinking can be avoid by:Keeping force per unit area must high plenty but low plenty to avoid of over packing go on that can take to high degree residue emphasisPreferable gate at thickest subdivision foremost compare to thin because it enable packing at thick subdivision. Thick portion hard to chill and pack because its return longer clip to chillFrom Beaumont ( 2006 ) , the shrinking can be observe by utilizing different type of stuff and it’s for mention intent merely in considered shrinking defect. Table 2.5 at below show the type of polymer shrink way flow and it mean shrinkage value.MaterialThickness consequence induces shrinkingAverage additive shrinkingmidst ( 3mm + )thin ( & lt ; 3mm )Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneisotropicparallel*0.0043Personal computerisotropicparallel*0.0057PSparallel*parallel**0.0035Polyvinyl chlorideperpendicular*perpendicular*0.0044HDPEparallel*parallel**0.0234PPisotropicparallel*0.0133NYLON 66perpendicular*parallel**0.01 62Definitions: Parallel- polymer shrivel more analogues to way of flow Perpendicular- polymer shrivel more perpendicular to way of flow Isotropic- additive shrinking independent of flow way *Low degree of orientation consequence **Medium degree of orientation consequence ***High degree of orientation consequenceTable 2.5: Type of polymer shrink way flow and mean shrinking value. Beginning: Beaumont ( 2006 ) 2.7.3Sink grade Sink grade are imperfectnesss of the merchandise that exist during injection procedure. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that during injection procedure, hot plastic through the thick portion in cold cast wall. The thaw plastic to the wall and solidify foremost while melt plastic fluxing in cast. This causes melt fictile hard to finish fill in pit and causes of bing sink grade. Sink mark expression like a little hole or depressions. Normally appear at intersections of rib and wall or at thickest subdivision. Figure: Sink mark exist on plastic. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htm ) The option to get the better of:Increase injection force per unit areaIncrease cast temperatureReduce injection velocityAir trapAfter injection procedure, the thaw plastic will get down excessively solidified in the cast. The air occurred during chilling phase because of air trapped in liquefied plastics. This will make an empty infinite within the portion and consequence the quality of merchandise. The solution to get the better of this job by increased the keeping force per unit area. 2.7.5 warpage 2.8Design of experiment ( DOE ) Mention[ 1 ] DRM Associates, 2007.Injection Moulding Glossary. [ on-line ] Available at: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/injectmouldglos.html & gt ; [ Accessed 5 September 2010 ]P. K. Kennedy,Practical and Scientific Aspects of Injection Molding Simulation, chapter 2, Technische Universities Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2008M.C. Huang and C.C. Tai, â€Å"The effectual factors in the warpage job of an injection-molded portion with a thin shell feature† ,J. Mat. Proc. Tech., vol. 110, 2001, pp. 1–9. D.V. Rosato, M.G. Rosato, â€Å"Injection casting handbook†Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sabic-ip.com/gep/Plastics/en/ProductsAndServices/ProcessingUsingIMDDetail/mold_temperature.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //mould-technology.blogspot.com/2007/12/injection-molds-classification.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.my/books? hl=en & A ; lr= & A ; id=nxYuCCGQ7Z0C & A ; oi=fnd & A ; pg=PP2 & A ; dq=Crawford, +R. , +1998.+Plastic+Engineering, +3rd+ed.+Oxford: +Butterworth+ % E2 % 80 % 93+Heinemann & A ; ots=ZtSIW48je8 & A ; sig=sKQ9yVYTxsXYqQ2cS — ohC4Pq_g # v=onepage & A ; q=type % 20of % 20gate % 20 & A ; f=false ( roy j. Crawford )hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/process/physics/b3500001.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/trouble/weldmeld/f6000001.htm